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13 The Digestive System and Nutrition © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.1 Nutrition © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Energy • measuring the body’s energy use – calories – kilocalories • basal metabolic rate – energy required for one day at rest – varies by individual © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Vitamins • chemicals needed for proper metabolism • types of vitamins – fat-soluble • may be stored in the body – water-soluble • are not stored in the body • vitamin deficiency © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Minerals • elements needed for proper body function • examples – – – – calcium potassium iron phosphorus © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Water-Soluble Vitamins © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Fat-Soluble Vitamins © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Minerals © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. DIET • Deficiency diseases if you don’t eat a well balanced diet • Vegetarians: 20 amino acids - 12 we can make, 8 we need to eat (essential amino acids) – Grains have 6 aa – Beans have 6 aa – Mix beans and grains for complete aa © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Fun facts • 25ft long intestines in humans • 89ft long intestines in horses • Food drying up in large intestine can be there 18 hours-2 days Final destination • Starch = blood • Fat = lymph vessels • Protein = blood © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 13.2 of the Digestive System © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Activities/functions of Digestion • (1) ingestion- take in food • (2) propulsion – moving food along GI tract – peristalsis • (3) mechanical breakdown – breaks food into smaller pieces – increases surface area of food © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Activities of Digestion • (4) chemical breakdown – digestion – enzymes • (5) absorption – digested food particles absorbed & moved into blood • (6) elimination – expulsion of food not absorbed © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Activities of Digestion © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Layers of the Alimentary Canal © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Digestive Organs and Their Functions © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Oral Cavity-Mechanical & Chemical digestion Mechanical digestion – Chew, tear, grind, mush, mix Chemical digestion (saliva) • Amylase digest starch • Mucus -protect lining of stomach GI tract; lubricate • Buffers -neutralize acid to prevent tooth decay © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Oral cavity- chem digestion • Anti-bacterial chemicals - kill unwanted bacteria from food • Epiglottis- flap in back of mouth; closes trachea, prevents food from entering lungs © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Esophagus • Esophagus – connects pharynx to stomach – 10-12 inches long • Secretes mucus • Acid from stomach gets in here = heart burn – Acid reflux – Diaphragm prevents, along w/ esophageal sphincter © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Stomach • Storage of food – Up to 2 Liters • Disinfects food HCl (pH = 2) • Mucus-secreting – To not digest itself • Protein-digesting: pepsin enzyme • Chyme formation © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Stomach (cont.) • Rugae - folds in lining allow for expansion • Pyloric sphincter - regulates food from stomach to intestine • Ulcers: not caused by stress – Bacterial infection of stomach © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Small Intestines • About 6 meters long • Duodenum (25cm) receives stomach content – Pancreatic juice & bile/neutralize acid/pepsin • Jejunum (2.5m) • Ileum (3.6m) reabsorb bile – Digests carbs (amylase) – Digest protein (trypsin) – Digest lipids (bile and lipase) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Small Intestines…big absorption • Absorb nutrients (diffusion & active transport) – from capillaries to blood vessels • Microvilli (projections) increase surface area • 80% ingested water, vitamins, minerals © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Large intestines • Colon: ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid • Rectum & anus • Elimination • Undigested materials – Cellulose (roughage) – Keeps everything moving & clean MASSES of bacteria • Appendix: vestigial organs © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Liver and Gallbladder • functions of liver – maintains nutrients in blood – nutrient conversion and storage – filters toxins • functions of gallbladder – stores bile made by liver – releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Liver and Gallbladder © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pancreas • pancreatic juices – contain digestive enzymes • Trypsin, amylase, lipase & buffers • glucose regulation – beta cells–insulin – alpha cells–glucagon © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.3 Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System • gingivitis and periodontal disease – plaque forms tarter • cardiovascular disease • gastroesophageal reflux disease – heartburn • ulcers – Helicobacter pylori © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System • gastroenteritis – inflammation of stomach or intestine • inflammatory bowel syndrome – chronic inflammation – ulcerative colitis – Crohn’s disease • constipation and diarrhea – infrequent or too frequent defecation © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System • hepatitis – inflammation of liver • pancreatitis – inflammation of pancreas • gallstones – bile forms crystals – Cholecystectomy • (bye, gb!) • cancer Roblan/Shutterstock.com – digestive system cancers are common © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.