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13 The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.1: Nutrition Lesson 13.2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Lesson 13.3: Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System • activities of digestion • layers of the alimentary canal • digestive organs and their functions © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Activities of Digestion • (1) ingestion – getting food into the body • (2) propulsion – moving food along GI tract • (3) mechanical breakdown – breaks food into smaller pieces – increases surface area of food © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Activities of Digestion • (4) chemical breakdown – also known as digestion – enzymes • (5) absorption – digested food particles moved into blood • (6) defecation © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Activities of Digestion © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Layers of the Alimentary Canal • mucosa – innermost layer – adjacent to lumen • submucosa – below mucosa © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Layers of the Alimentary Canal • muscularis externa – circular muscle – longitudinal muscle • serosa – outermost layer – peritoneum • visceral • parietal © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Layers of the Alimentary Canal © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Mechanical breakdown decreases the surface area of food. 2. The mucosa is adjacent to the lumen. 3. Peritoneum is serosa. 4. In absorption, digested food moves into the blood. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Digestive Organs and Their Functions © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Oral Cavity • • • • lips tongue cheeks palate – hard – soft © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Teeth and Gums • gum – gingiva • teeth – deciduous – permanent • incisor • canine • molar © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Anatomy of the Tooth © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Salivary Glands • • • • parotid submandibular sublingual saliva – water – enzymes © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Esophagus • connects pharynx to stomach • peristalsis – muscle contraction changes size of tube – food is moved through GI tract © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Stomach • regions – – – – cardia fundus body pyloric region • three layers of muscle © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lining of the Stomach • gastric gland – – – – mucus-secreting cells parietal cells chief cells enteroendocrine cells © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chemical Reactions in the Stomach • protein-digesting enzymes • chyme formation • stomach contractions © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: canine, fundus, parotid, esophagus. 1. region of stomach 2. connects pharynx to stomach 3. a type of tooth 4. a type of salivary gland © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Small Intestine • segments – duodenum – jejunum – ileum • lining – villi – intestinal crypts © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Small Intestine • chemical breakdown – emulsification by bile – break down by enzymes • absorption into the blood © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Liver • functions of the liver – – – – maintains nutrients in blood converts one nutrient to another stores nutrients inactivates toxins • hepatic portal vein © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Liver and Gallbladder © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Gallbladder • functions of the gallbladder – stores bile produced by liver – releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pancreas • pancreatic juices – contain digestive enzymes • glucose regulation – beta cells–insulin – alpha cells–glucagon © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Large Intestine • regions – cecum – colon • • • • ascending transverse descending sigmoid © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Rectum, Anal Canal, and Anus • rectum • anal canal • anus – sphincters • internal • external © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: jejunum, sigmoid, beta cells, gallbladder. 1. a region of the colon 2. a region of the small intestine 3. stores bile 4. produce insulin © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.3 Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System • gingivitis and periodontal disease – plaque forms tarter • cardiovascular disease • gastroesophageal reflux disease – heartburn • ulcers – Helicobacter pylori © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System • gastroenteritis – inflammation of stomach or intestine • inflammatory bowel disease – chronic inflammation – ulcerative colitis – Crohn’s disease • constipation and diarrhea – infrequent or too frequent defecation © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System • hepatitis – inflammation of liver • pancreatitis – inflammation of pancreas • gallstones – bile forms crystals – cholecystectomy • cancer Roblan/Shutterstock.com – digestive system cancers are common © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: tartar, gallstones, hepatitis, or ulcers. 1. Helicobacter pylori causes _______________. 2. Inflammation of the liver is _______________. 3. Plaque forms _______________. 4. Crystals of bile are _______________. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. 14 The Urinary System Lesson 14.1: Anatomy of the Kidney Lesson 14.2: Urine Formation, Storage, and Excretion Lesson 14.3: Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System Chapter 14: The Urinary System Lesson 14.1 Anatomy of the Kidney Anatomy of the Kidney • kidney location and size • anatomy of the kidney • blood flow through the kidney © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Kidney Location and Size © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Anatomy of the Kidney • renal cortex – outer • renal medulla – middle • renal pelvis – inner © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Anatomy of the Kidney • renal medulla – pyramid – columns • ureter • bladder © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nerve and Blood Supply • • • • 20–25% of blood flows to kidneys renal artery renal vein sympathetic nerve system – renal nerve fibers © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Nephron • basic working unit of each kidney – Functions to filter blood. What is needed is reabsorbed. What is not needed is excreted as water/urine. • two main parts – renal corpuscle (initial blood filtering) • Glomerulus • Bowman’s Capsule – renal tubule • Contains liquid to for kidney to filter © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Glomerulus • glomerular capsule – outer surface • Podocytes – cells that wrap around bowman’s capsule • filtration slits allow blood to transfer and filter – inner surface © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Bowman’s Capsule Bowman's capsule is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Renal Tubule • • • • proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) nephron loop (loop of Henle) distal convoluted tubule (DCT) collecting duct © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Blood Flow through the Kidneys • • • • • • renal artery afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole peritubular capillaries or vasa recta renal vein © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: nephrons, renal vein, collecting duct, or podocytes. 1. The glomerular capsule contains _______________. 2. The basic working unit of the kidney are the _______________. 3. Blood leaves the kidney through the _______________. 4. The _______________ is at the end of the tubule. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 14: The Urinary System Lesson 14.2 Urine Formation, Storage, and Excretion Functions of the Urinary System • urine formation • urine storage • urine excretion © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Urine Formation • filtration – water and solutes from capillary to glomerular capsular space • reabsorption – water and solutes move from tubule to capillary • secretion – wastes in capillary pushed into tubule © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Urine Formation © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Filtration • molecules smaller than 3 nanometers pushed out of blood • hydrostatic pressure – caused by potential energy • osmotic pressure – from dissolved substances in water • pressure controls – constriction of arteries © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Reabsorption • sodium – actively pumped out by sodium-potassium pump proteins • secondary active transport – glucose, amino acids, ions, vitamins • osmotic pressure – aquaporin channels © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Reabsorption © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Secretion • maintain arterial blood pH at 7.4 – hydrogen ions – bicarbonate ions • some drugs secreted – penicillin – aspirin © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Renal Medulla • nephron loop – descending loop • reabsorb water – ascending loop • reabsorb sodium © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Countercurrent Mechanism • vasa recta – movement of blood • nephron loop – movement of filtrate © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormonal Regulation of Urine Volume and Composition • aldosterone – renin reacts to produce angiotensin • atrial natriuretic peptide – causes urine volume to increase • antidiuretic hormone – causes urine volume to decrease © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Urine Storage • ureter – kidney to bladder • bladder – stores urine • urethra – bladder to outside body © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Urine Storage © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Urine Excretion • micturition – urination © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment True or False? 1. The ureter connects kidney to bladder. 2. ADH causes a decrease in urine production. 3. Sodium is reabsorbed in the ascending loop. 4. Sodium is reabsorbed in the descending loop. 5. Urination is also called micturition. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 14: The Urinary System Lesson 14.3 Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System • • • • • • assessing renal function diabetes chronic kidney disease renal dialysis kidney stones urinary tract infections © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Assessing Renal Function • physical characteristics of urine – pH range 4.5–8.0 • chemical composition of urine – 95% water, 5% waste • glomerular filtration rate – estimate with creatinine concentration in blood © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Diabetes • diabetes mellitus – Measured via glucose in urine – type I, type II diabetes • diabetes insipidus – large amount of dilute urine (too much water) – ADH not made or not used © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Normal Blood Glucose and Blood Insulin Levels • carbohydrate digestion leads to an increase in blood glucose level • increase in blood glucose level causes the pancreas to secrete insulin • increase in blood insulin level causes – – – – liver glucose uptake liver conversion of glucose to glycogen skeletal muscle glucose uptake skeletal muscle conversion of glucose to glycogen © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chronic Kidney Disease • kidney damage • glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min for at least 3 months • develops slowly © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Renal Dialysis • hemodialysis – Dialyzer An artificial kidney designed to provide controllable transfer of solutes and water across a semi permeable membrane separating flowing blood and dialysate streams. • peritoneal dialysis – dialysis solution – peritoneum acts as dialysis membrane – things filter across and out of the body. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System • kidney stones – calcium, magnesium, or uric acid • urinary tract infection – Cystitis – more common in women than men © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: diabetes mellitus, kidney stone, hemodialysis, urinary tract infection. 1. made of calcium, magnesium, or uric acid 2. cystitis 3. glucose in urine 4. uses a dialyzer © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.