... Renal Clearance
• From previous examples, it can be seen that clearance can
be calculated for any substance
• Clearance an vary from zero to ~ 600 ml/min depending on
the renal handling of the substance
• A substance that is not normally filtered across the
glomerular capillaries will have a clearan ...
... secretion processes in the epithelial cells that line the nephron. With reabsorption, a substance
that was previously filtered is transported from the lumen of the nephron into the peritubular
capillary blood. Many substances are reabsorbed, including Na +, Cl-, HCO3-, amino acids, and
water. With s ...
... • The goal of urine production
– Is to maintain homeostasis
– By regulating volume and composition of blood
– Including excretion of metabolic waste products
...
... Each of the million or so nephrons in each kidney is a microscopic tubule consisting of two major parts: a glomerulus and a renal tubule. The glomerulus is a
tangled capillary knot that filters fluid from the blood into the lumen of the renal
tubule. The function of the renal tubule is to process th ...
... o Risks can be decreased by being careful to perform invasive procedures only when necessary, by performing the procedure
as atraumatically as possible, and by removing the catheter or endoscope as soon as possible
o Catheter-induced bacterial urinary tract infection
o Bacteria migrate along outside ...
... peritoneum and is stabilized by the middle umbilical
ligament and lateral ligaments
• The interior surface of the urinary bladder is thrown
into folds called rugae
• The ureters enter the bladder through ureteral
openings and meets the center of trigone
• The center of trigone lies superior to the n ...
... amino acids, urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, Na, Cl, K, HCO3-, PO43-,
SO42-. But notice how different the composition of urine is. Additionally, note
that protein is not normally present in urine.
...
... Renal Tubular Acidosis: due to a defect in H+ secretion or
HCO3 reabsroption.
Diarrhea: Excess bicarbonate loss into the feces without
time to reabsorb (most common cause).
Diabetes mellitus: In the absence of normal glucose
metabolism the cells metabolize fats and form acetoacetic
acid, reducing pH ...
... a) Is a Na+ dependent passive process
b) Is a Na+ dependent active process
c) Occurs because water osmotically follows Na+ from the tubule to the interstitial fluid
d) Both a and c are true
e) Both b and c are true
19. Anakin Skywalker, from the planet Tatooine, has a PO2 of 200 mm Hg in his alveoli ...
... thick segments of the ascending limbs also contributes to the hypertonicity of the medulla, so that water is
reabsorbed by osmosis from the collecting ducts.
IV. RENAL PLASMA CLEARANCE
As blood passes through the kidneys, some of the constituents of the plasma are removed and excreted in the urine.
...
... pressure changes but blood flow (and filtration rate) are nearly constant.
Autoregulation is by myogenic and tubulo-glomerular feedback (TGF)
mechanisms. It occurs at the afferent arterioles
Myogenic autoregulation depends on stretch activated ion channels in vascular
smooth muscle that, when stretc ...
... discarded. This ordeal describes home peritoneal dialysis for people whose kidneys do not function
properly. Repeated several times each day, this procedure consumes many hours and is very expensive.
Filtration of the blood is only part of the work normally done by healthy kidneys. Much of the work ...
... Tikrit university
excreted or held onto. The kidneys help maintain the blood PH mainly by
excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions as needed.
Removal of metabolic waste products and foreign substances from
the plasma. One of the most important things the kidneys excrete is
nitrogenou ...
... function is to control the volume and
composition of the body fluids. For water
and virtually all electrolytes in the body,
the balance between intake (due to ingestion or metabolic production) and output
(due to excretions or metabolic consumption) is largely maintained by the kidneys.
This regulat ...
... Renal Tubular Acidosis: due to a defect in H+ secretion or
HCO3- reabsroption.
Diarrhea: Excess HCO3- loss into the feces without time to
reabsorb (most common cause).
Diabetes mellitus: In the absence of normal glucose
metabolism the cells metabolize fats and form acetoacetic
acid, reducing pH, and ...
... 1. Difference between extracellular and intracellular fluid
The extracellular fluid contains large amount of sodium, chloride and nutrients for the cells, such
as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids and amino acids .
The intracellular fluid contains large amount of potassium, magnesium and phosphate ions.
...
... Anatomy/Function of the Kidney
• Structure/Function
– 1% of body mass
– 25% of cardiac output
– Passes total blood volume
every 4-5 minutes
– Filters 180 l per day and
reabsorbs 178.5 l of it
– Produces 1.5 l of acidic
(pH~6) urine per day
– 5% increase in filtration
would generate 9 l urine per
day ...
... during volume depletion, hydrostatic pressure along the renal vasculature is
decreased, leading to an initial decrease in renal blood flow and GFR (secondary to reduction of glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure). The reduced
pressure decreases the stretch of the afferent arteriole, causing the ...
... 4. A. Loss of the glomerular filtration barrier negative
charge, characteristic of nephritis, leads to increased
filtration of negatively-charged plasma proteins. If the
protein filtered load exceeds the limited capacity of the
renal tubules to reabsorb protein (Tm-Protein), the urine
will contain ...
... • Urethral catheterization is done to
remove urine from a person who is
unable to micturate. It is also
performed to irrigate the bladder and
to obtain an uncontaminated sample
of urine.
• When inserting catheters and urethral
sounds (slightly conical instruments for
exploring and dilating a constri ...
... The ureter proper is covered with peritoneum, but four sets of vessels cross
in front of it, between it and the peritoneum, namely,
– Right colic artery
– Testicular or ovarian artery
...
... The composition of the basement membrane determines
its filtering capacity. This membrane is primarily made of
proteoglycans and collagen chains interlocked, leaving
large spaces through which most solutes and water can
filter. Proteoglycans are charged with strong negative
charges, thus preventing ...
... – Low filtered [Cl-] increases H+ secretion
• Cl- is passively cosecreted with H+ secretion via H+ATPase to maintain electroneutrality thus ability to
secrete H+ is enhanced with low tubular fluid [Cl-]
• In setting of low tubular fluid [Cl-], Na+ reabsorption
must be accompanied by H+ or K+ secreti ...
Urine (from Latin Urina, ae, f.) is a liquid by-product of the body secreted by the kidneys through a process called urination (or micturition) and excreted through the urethra.Cellular metabolism generates numerous by-products, many rich in nitrogen, that require clearance from the bloodstream. These by-products are eventually expelled from the body during urination, the primary method for excreting water-soluble chemicals from the body. These chemicals can be detected and analyzed by urinalysis.Human urine together with human feces are collectively referred to as human waste or human excreta.