Download The Lymphatic System

12
The Lymphatic and
Immune Systems
Lesson 12.1: The Lymphatic System
Lesson 12.2: Nonspecific Defenses
Lesson 12.3: Specific Defenses
Lesson 12.4: Disorders and Diseases
of the Immune System
Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Lesson 12.1
The Lymphatic System
The Lymphatic System
• organization of the lymphatic system
– lymph formation and flow
– lymph drainage
• lymphatic cells, tissues, and organs
– lymphatic cells
– lymphatic tissues
– lymphatic organs
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Organization of the Lymphatic System
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Lymph Formation and Flow
• fluid leaks out of blood
vessel capillaries
– about 4 liters per day
• enters lymphatic
capillaries
• fluid is now called
lymph
• returns to circulatory
system through
lymphatic trunks
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Lymph Drainage
• thoracic duct
– drains legs, abdominopelvic
area, left arm, and left side
of the head and thorax
• right lymphatic duct
– drains right arm, right side
of head, and right side of
the thorax
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Lymph Drainage
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Lymphatic Cells
• lymphocytes
– T lymphocytes mature in thymus
– B lymphocytes mature in bone marrow
• macrophages
– begin as monocytes
– leave lymphatic tissue to enter surrounding tissue
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Lymphatic Tissues
• mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
– tonsils
• pharyngeal
• palatine
• lingual
• lymphatic nodules
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Lymphatic Organs
• lymph nodes
– cleanse lymph
– store and produce T and B cells
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Lymphatic Organs
• spleen
– scans and cleans blood
• thymus
– nursery for T cells
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: right lymphatic
duct, thoracic duct, tonsil, spleen.
1. drains left side of head
2. scan and clean blood
3. drains right side of head
4. palatine
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Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Lesson 12.2
Nonspecific Defenses
Nonspecific Defenses
•
•
•
•
physical barriers
cellular and chemical defenses
inflammatory response
fever
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Physical Barriers
• skin
• hair
• acidic secretions from sebaceous glands and
sweat glands
• mucous membranes
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Cellular and Chemical Defenses
• phagocytosis
–
–
–
–
engulf foreign cells and debris
neutrophils
macrophages (formerly monocytes)
exocytosis
• natural killer cells
– release perforins to perforate cells
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Cellular and Chemical Defenses
• complement system
– classical pathway
– alternative pathway
• opsonization
• interferons
– released by virus infected cells
– alpha, beta, gamma interferons
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The Complement System
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Inflammatory Response
• promotes repair of damaged tissue
• histamines and prostaglandins released
• symptoms
–
–
–
–
heat
redness
swelling
pain
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The Development of Inflammation
• tissue damage occurs
• intracellular contents are released from damaged
cells into interstitial fluid
• mast cells release histamine and other
inflammatory chemicals
• blood vessels dilate, blood flow increases,
capillary permeability increases
• clot formation occurs
• scar tissue forms, replacement cells grow
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Fever
• maintenance of higher than normal body
temperature
• activation of leukocytes and macrophages causes
release of pyrogens
• hypothalamus raises body temperature, causing a
fever
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. Interferon is released by virus infected cells.
2. Pyrogens cause fever.
3. Neutrophils are not phagocytes.
4. Mucous membranes are a physical barrier.
5. Perforins engulf cells.
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Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Lesson 12.3
Specific Defenses
Specific Defenses
•
•
•
•
•
antigens
immune system cells
humoral immunity
primary and secondary immune responses
cellular immunity
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Antigens
• on the surface of cells
–
–
–
–
proteins
polysaccharides
glycolipids
nucleic acids
• determine “self” from “nonself” cells
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Immune System Cells
• lymphocytes
– recognize only one antigen
– clonal selection
– memory cells
• MHC proteins
– class I
– class II
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Humoral Immunity
• antibody-mediated immunity
• plasma cells
– antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigen
• antibodies
– also called immunoglobulins
– recognize, bind to, and mark antigens
– interfere with antigen function
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Antibody Classes
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Primary and Secondary Immune Responses
• primary immune response
– when first exposed
• secondary immune response
– memory cells respond to invader
• active immunity
• passive immunity
– vaccination
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Cellular Immunity
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Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: antibodies, antigen, memory
cells, or vaccination.
1. A(n) _______________ is passive immunity.
2. _______________ are also called
immunoglobulins.
3. Lymphocytes recognize only one
_______________.
4. _______________ are part of the secondary
immune response.
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Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Lesson 12.4
Disorders and Diseases
of the Immune System
Disorders and Diseases of the Immune
System
•
•
•
•
cancer and lymph nodes
allergies
autoimmune disorders
HIV and AIDS
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Cancer and Lymph Nodes
• rapid, unregulated cell growth
• metastasis
– cancerous cells move within body
• cancerous cells may lodge in lymph nodes
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Allergies
• inappropriately strong response to a harmless
environmental antigen
• exposure to allergen causes release of histamine
• histamine causes allergy symptoms
– runny nose, itchy eyes, anaphylaxis
• anaphylaxis
• immunotherapy
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Allergies
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Autoimmune Disorders
• immune system attacks own body
• cause unclear
• examples
– rheumatoid arthritis
– multiple sclerosis
– type I diabetes
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HIV and AIDS
• HIV
– infects and kills helper T cells
• AIDS
– helper T cell count falls below 200/mm3
– immune system seriously weakened
– patient is susceptible to opportunistic infection
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: metastasis,
autoimmune disorder, HIV, cancer.
1. rapid, unregulated cell growth
2. cancerous cells move within the body
3. rheumatoid arthritis
4. infects and kills T cells
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