Clinical Anatomy of Thyroid Gland
... tightly related to recurrent laryngeal nerve •Normally recurrent laryngeal nerve passes behind the ITA •In some cases it passes between branches of ITA or in front of terminal portion of inferior thyroid artery •It is easy to damage this nerve during ligation of inferior thyroid artery •Always perfo ...
... tightly related to recurrent laryngeal nerve •Normally recurrent laryngeal nerve passes behind the ITA •In some cases it passes between branches of ITA or in front of terminal portion of inferior thyroid artery •It is easy to damage this nerve during ligation of inferior thyroid artery •Always perfo ...
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... bilobate shape, in which the lobes join together in front of upper part of trachea by an isthmus or bridge of thyroid tissue. 2 The thyroid gland lies deep to sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles. Accessory nodules/ ectopic tissue of the thyroid are usually found at the embryonic origin of the thyr ...
... bilobate shape, in which the lobes join together in front of upper part of trachea by an isthmus or bridge of thyroid tissue. 2 The thyroid gland lies deep to sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles. Accessory nodules/ ectopic tissue of the thyroid are usually found at the embryonic origin of the thyr ...
Paramedian Ectopic Thyroid Gland and Unusual Origin of Superior
... carotid artery just before its bifurcation into external and internal carotid arteries. It coursed medially and reached the upper pole of the lobe of the thyroid gland. During its course, STA gave a branch to supply the ectopic thyroid mass. This branch entered the ectopic thyroid mass from its lowe ...
... carotid artery just before its bifurcation into external and internal carotid arteries. It coursed medially and reached the upper pole of the lobe of the thyroid gland. During its course, STA gave a branch to supply the ectopic thyroid mass. This branch entered the ectopic thyroid mass from its lowe ...
1- Mediastinum
... Below the imaginary plane and it is further subdivided into: a. Anterior mediastinum: Behind the body and xiphoid process of the sternum and in front of the middle mediastinum (pericardium). b. Middle mediastinum: Contains pericardium, heart and the roots of the great vessels. ...
... Below the imaginary plane and it is further subdivided into: a. Anterior mediastinum: Behind the body and xiphoid process of the sternum and in front of the middle mediastinum (pericardium). b. Middle mediastinum: Contains pericardium, heart and the roots of the great vessels. ...
lymph
... phagocytes. As blood vessels run through the spleen, the phagocytes filter and remove bacteria and other foreign substances. 2. Destroys old red blood cells and salvages the iron in the hemoglobin to use the iron again. 3. Serves as a reservoir, storing more than a pint of blood. ...
... phagocytes. As blood vessels run through the spleen, the phagocytes filter and remove bacteria and other foreign substances. 2. Destroys old red blood cells and salvages the iron in the hemoglobin to use the iron again. 3. Serves as a reservoir, storing more than a pint of blood. ...
Branchial Cleft Cysts (NXPowerLite)
... Introduction • The embryologic model is used to explain the origins of all branchial apparatus anomalies. • The most accepted theory proposes that vestigial remnants result from incomplete obliteration of the branchial apparatus or buried cell rests, and, thus, if cells are trapped in the branchial ...
... Introduction • The embryologic model is used to explain the origins of all branchial apparatus anomalies. • The most accepted theory proposes that vestigial remnants result from incomplete obliteration of the branchial apparatus or buried cell rests, and, thus, if cells are trapped in the branchial ...
Insoluble and soluble immune complexes activate neutrophils by
... insoluble complexes, activation of the respiratory burst occurred more rapidly, and activity reached a higher plateau value at around seven minutes after stimulation, compared with peak activity recorded at 10–11 minutes seen in unprimed cells. In contrast, the addition of soluble immune complexes t ...
... insoluble complexes, activation of the respiratory burst occurred more rapidly, and activity reached a higher plateau value at around seven minutes after stimulation, compared with peak activity recorded at 10–11 minutes seen in unprimed cells. In contrast, the addition of soluble immune complexes t ...
The human spleen after trauma Leemans, Rob
... lymphoid follicles in other lymphoid organs12. They can be differentiated into primary and secondary LF. The primary LF consists of a homogeneous aggregate of small B-cells in an inactivated state. Upon activation the primary LF will become a secondary LF with a germinal centre (GC) surrounded by a ...
... lymphoid follicles in other lymphoid organs12. They can be differentiated into primary and secondary LF. The primary LF consists of a homogeneous aggregate of small B-cells in an inactivated state. Upon activation the primary LF will become a secondary LF with a germinal centre (GC) surrounded by a ...
Full Text - The Journal of Immunology
... subjects who have a higher incidence of infections remains less well defined. Leptin levels are increased and mRNA expression of the ObRb receptor isoform may be decreased in diet-induced obese vs control rats, indicating a state of leptin resistance (43). In rodent models of diet-induced obesity, t ...
... subjects who have a higher incidence of infections remains less well defined. Leptin levels are increased and mRNA expression of the ObRb receptor isoform may be decreased in diet-induced obese vs control rats, indicating a state of leptin resistance (43). In rodent models of diet-induced obesity, t ...
2 Embryology and Surgical Anatomy of the Thyroid and Parathyroid
... in the fifth week, the superior part of the duct degenerates. By this time, the gland has achieved its rudimentary shape with two lobes connected by an isthmus. It continues to descend until it reaches the level of the cricoid cartilage at about the seventh week. By the twelfth week of development, ...
... in the fifth week, the superior part of the duct degenerates. By this time, the gland has achieved its rudimentary shape with two lobes connected by an isthmus. It continues to descend until it reaches the level of the cricoid cartilage at about the seventh week. By the twelfth week of development, ...
Vortrag - Institut für Pathologie Prof. Dr. Klaus Richter, Hannover
... of migration, replication, and thus expansion. As macrophages they are ...
... of migration, replication, and thus expansion. As macrophages they are ...
Agenesis of isthmus of thyroid gland with bilateral levator glandulae
... region, suggesting that the patient have not undergone any surgery. The thyroid gland had two separate lobes, with complete agenesis of isthmus. Each lateral lobe had a pyramidal lobe of its own which is connected with two levator glandulae thyroideae. There were no ectopic thyroid tissues present b ...
... region, suggesting that the patient have not undergone any surgery. The thyroid gland had two separate lobes, with complete agenesis of isthmus. Each lateral lobe had a pyramidal lobe of its own which is connected with two levator glandulae thyroideae. There were no ectopic thyroid tissues present b ...
Agenesis of isthmus of thyroid gland in adult human cadavers: a
... and 2 cm respectively. The isthmus measures about 1.25 cm transversely as well as vertically and is usually placed anterior to the second and third tracheal cartilages [1]. The anomalies of the development of the thyroid gland distort the morphology of the gland, and may cause clinical functional di ...
... and 2 cm respectively. The isthmus measures about 1.25 cm transversely as well as vertically and is usually placed anterior to the second and third tracheal cartilages [1]. The anomalies of the development of the thyroid gland distort the morphology of the gland, and may cause clinical functional di ...
Fc lessons from murine mercury-induced autoimmunity. -receptors in systemic autoimmune conditions -
... “self” and “non-self”. The ability of the immune system to avoid reactivity to self-antigens is defined as “tolerance” and is achieved by central and peripheral mechanisms. The central tolerance occurs in the primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bone-marrow) and involves positive and negative selecti ...
... “self” and “non-self”. The ability of the immune system to avoid reactivity to self-antigens is defined as “tolerance” and is achieved by central and peripheral mechanisms. The central tolerance occurs in the primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bone-marrow) and involves positive and negative selecti ...
systema lymphaticum
... The largest lymphatic organ. Participates in the body’s defense system – proliferation of lymphocytes, immune response - white pulp. Blood reservoir, storing red blood cells and platelets, identifying, removing and destroying expended red blood cells and platelets - red pulp. THYMUS ...
... The largest lymphatic organ. Participates in the body’s defense system – proliferation of lymphocytes, immune response - white pulp. Blood reservoir, storing red blood cells and platelets, identifying, removing and destroying expended red blood cells and platelets - red pulp. THYMUS ...
Mammary Gland Involution: Events, Regulation and
... advances in our understanding of this species. However, comparative biology provides crucial insights into the functional intricacies of the mammary glands, and we will focus attention on various other mammals in which mammary gland involution differs substantially from the mouse. Mammary gland deve ...
... advances in our understanding of this species. However, comparative biology provides crucial insights into the functional intricacies of the mammary glands, and we will focus attention on various other mammals in which mammary gland involution differs substantially from the mouse. Mammary gland deve ...
The Link between Lymphatic Function and Adipose Biology
... associated with inflammatory conditions, including psoriasis 49 and chronic airway inflammation.50 Could inflammation contribute to adipose tissue accumulation in Prox1+/− mice? On the basis of the data discussed above, we reasoned that the influx of inflammatory cells that we observed in the liver ...
... associated with inflammatory conditions, including psoriasis 49 and chronic airway inflammation.50 Could inflammation contribute to adipose tissue accumulation in Prox1+/− mice? On the basis of the data discussed above, we reasoned that the influx of inflammatory cells that we observed in the liver ...
Collaborative Bioinspired Algorithms
... Recognition is not just by a single antibody, but a collection of them ...
... Recognition is not just by a single antibody, but a collection of them ...
Preview the material
... that is recirculated through the body via an extensive network of vessels. Upon arriving at one of many nodes found within the body, the lymph is filtered to discern healthy cells from those carrying disease or infection. White blood cells then flood infected cells to eradicate illness. However, can ...
... that is recirculated through the body via an extensive network of vessels. Upon arriving at one of many nodes found within the body, the lymph is filtered to discern healthy cells from those carrying disease or infection. White blood cells then flood infected cells to eradicate illness. However, can ...
PhD Rika 140511 - Laboratory of Parasitology
... Transmission of Giardia occurs by the faecal-oral route through direct host-to-host contact or via contaminated materials, water or food. Due to the thick cyst wall, cysts can survive in the environment for several months, especially in a cool and moist matrix (Olson et al., 1999; Grit et al., 2012) ...
... Transmission of Giardia occurs by the faecal-oral route through direct host-to-host contact or via contaminated materials, water or food. Due to the thick cyst wall, cysts can survive in the environment for several months, especially in a cool and moist matrix (Olson et al., 1999; Grit et al., 2012) ...
Transcripts/2_27 8
... b. This is an embryo of 5 weeks with color-coated arches. c. 1st arch: i. The first arch is bent to an upper maxillary and lower mandibular prominence. ii. The cartilage of the first arch is likewise divided into 2 parts: 1. The cartilage of the maxillary prominence - Palatopterygoquadrate = maxilla ...
... b. This is an embryo of 5 weeks with color-coated arches. c. 1st arch: i. The first arch is bent to an upper maxillary and lower mandibular prominence. ii. The cartilage of the first arch is likewise divided into 2 parts: 1. The cartilage of the maxillary prominence - Palatopterygoquadrate = maxilla ...
prolactin and autoimmune diseases prolakt
... almost every level. Prolactin has been shown to influence T-cells, B-cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells. The pioneering experiments of Nagy and Berczi (32, 33) demonstrated the importance of prolactin in maintaining normal immune function and sustaining life. Hypophysectomized rats had red ...
... almost every level. Prolactin has been shown to influence T-cells, B-cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells. The pioneering experiments of Nagy and Berczi (32, 33) demonstrated the importance of prolactin in maintaining normal immune function and sustaining life. Hypophysectomized rats had red ...
Artificial Immune Systems
... When a sufficiently strong chemical bond occurs between a receptor and another molecule (a ligand), a cascade of intra-cellular signals is initiated, the outcome of which depends on the initiating receptors. This process provides the immune system with a mechanism for recognition at the molecular le ...
... When a sufficiently strong chemical bond occurs between a receptor and another molecule (a ligand), a cascade of intra-cellular signals is initiated, the outcome of which depends on the initiating receptors. This process provides the immune system with a mechanism for recognition at the molecular le ...
Describe the development of the thyroid gland
... The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland of the body. It produces thyroid hormone, which controls the rate of metabolism in the body, and calcitonin, a hormone controlling calcium metabolism (reducing the serum concentration of calcium). The hormones have affects throughout the body except a ...
... The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland of the body. It produces thyroid hormone, which controls the rate of metabolism in the body, and calcitonin, a hormone controlling calcium metabolism (reducing the serum concentration of calcium). The hormones have affects throughout the body except a ...
Thymus
The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, T cells or T lymphocytes mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts specifically to foreign invaders. The thymus is composed of two identical lobes and is located anatomically in the anterior superior mediastinum, in front of the heart and behind the sternum. Histologically, each lobe of the thymus can be divided into a central medulla and a peripheral cortex which is surrounded by an outer capsule. The cortex and medulla play different roles in the development of T-cells. Cells in the thymus can be divided into thymic stromal cells and cells of hematopoietic origin (derived from bone marrow resident hematopoietic stem cells). Developing T-cells are referred to as thymocytes and are of hematopoietic origin. Stromal cells include epithelial cells of the thymic cortex and medulla, and dendritic cells.The thymus provides an inductive environment for development of T cells from hematopoietic progenitor cells. In addition, thymic stromal cells allow for the selection of a functional and self-tolerant T cell repertoire. Therefore, one of the most important roles of the thymus is the induction of central tolerance.The thymus is largest and most active during the neonatal and pre-adolescent periods. By the early teens, the thymus begins to atrophy and thymic stroma is mostly replaced by adipose (fat) tissue. Nevertheless, residual T lymphopoiesis continues throughout adult life.