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Neuron Functioning KEY TERMS Types of Neurons • Sensory Neurons – send signals from your senses (eyes, ears, nose, taste buds, skin) toward the spinal cord and brain • Motor Neurons – send signals from your brain and spinal cord toward your body Reflex Arc • Interneurons found within the spinal cord connect sensory and motor neurons creating an “arc.” • Signals are rapidly sent along this arc to allow you to move quickly away from the potentially dangerous conditions. The Spinal Cord Handles Reflexes • No thinking is involved in a reflex – the brain does not process the information until AFTER the movement has already occurred. Absolute Threshold • An individual neuron will react to stimulation only if the level of stimulation reaches a certain trigger point. • Absolute threshold refers to the minimum amount of stimulation necessary to cause a neuron to “fire” a signal. All-or-Nothing Principle • • • • A neuron will either send a signal or not. No such thing as a 27% strength signal. YES or NO no such thing as “maybe” ON or OFF no such thing as a partial signal ACTION POTENTIAL • The neuron signal is called the “action potential” • When a neuron has “fired” a signal, it takes time to reset and get ready to go again. This is called the refractory period. RESTING POTENTIAL • When a neuron is not sending a signal, it is at rest • This is different than refractory period because when a neuron is at resting potential it is waiting to fire NOT unable to fire Neuron Impulses are like… Neurotransmitters • Neurotransmitters are chemical molecules which are found in the terminal buttons of neurons. • There are many different neurotransmitters. – Examples: • Acetylcholine – activates muscles • Serotonin – involved in regulating moods • Dopamine – related to schizophrenia and Parkinson’s Terminal buttons release the neurotransmitters into the synapse. Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters float across the space to the dendrites of the next neuron in line. Drugs work by imitating or blocking the action of natural neurotransmitters • ANTAGONIST = a drug that blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter • AGONIST = a drug that boosts the effect of a neurotransmitter Computer Lab on Monday! Mouse Party • We will see how drugs and neurotransmitters work to alter our behaviour