* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Biology Nervous System - Educational Research Center
Caridoid escape reaction wikipedia , lookup
Neuromuscular junction wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Neuroscience in space wikipedia , lookup
Central pattern generator wikipedia , lookup
Neural coding wikipedia , lookup
Premovement neuronal activity wikipedia , lookup
Electrophysiology wikipedia , lookup
Action potential wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Microneurography wikipedia , lookup
Endocannabinoid system wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
End-plate potential wikipedia , lookup
Node of Ranvier wikipedia , lookup
Nonsynaptic plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Biological neuron model wikipedia , lookup
Neuroethology wikipedia , lookup
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Axon guidance wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Neurotransmitter wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Channelrhodopsin wikipedia , lookup
Psychoneuroimmunology wikipedia , lookup
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Circumventricular organs wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Chemical synapse wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
International Arab Baccalaureate IAB Scope Dimension Facet Benchmark Domain The nervous system is a primary organ system in the body found in all vertebrates and invertebrates. Function The nervous system controls body functions and cognitive abilities and facilitates responses to external stimuli from other body systems or the environment. Composition The nervous system consists of a central nervous system and a peripheral nervous system that are made of specialized cells called neurons. Epistemic System Nervous System Human Body Systems Theme/ Branch Biology Sample Learning Outcomes The student realizes that: − the human body includes a nervous system like all vertebrates and invertebrates. − the human nervous system extends from the brain to various parts of the body. The student realizes that the nervous system: − controls most of our voluntary and nonvoluntary body functions. − controls cognitive abilities such as reasoning, learning and memory. − collects and processes information gathered internally and externally. − reacts to various stimuli such as sensory input. − coordinates the actions of the body. − transmits signals between various parts of the body. The student realizes that: − the nervous system contains a network of specialized cells called neurons, along with supportive cells called Glial cells. − the nervous system includes sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons that conduct nervous messages. − a neuron is a specialized cell that typically includes a cell body, dendrites and an axon. − the cell body of a neuron contains a nucleus and cell organelles. − the dendrites and the axon are extensions from the cell body. − typical axons are surrounded by myelin sheath. − the nerve consists primarily of the axon of the neurons surrounded by a myelin sheath. Biology Nervous System / 1 Dimension Sample Learning Outcomes Benchmark Composition The nervous system consists of a central nervous system and a peripheral nervous system that are made of specialized cells called neurons. Internal Structure Neurons connect by synapses to form complex networks that allow for the propagation of signals leading to different functions. Epistemic System Nervous System Theme/ Branch Human Body Systems IAB Scope Facet The student realizes that: − the nervous system consists of a central nervous system and a peripheral nervous system. − the peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, ganglia and the nerves connecting them. − the central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. − the brain consists of cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. − the central nervous system can be divided in two areas: grey matter and white matter. − the grey matter contains high proportion of cell bodies of neurons. − the white matter includes all the nerves. The student realizes that: − dendrites receive the messages and transmit them to the cell body. − axons transmit the message away from the cell body. − axons from the nerve fibers are found in the white matter. − an axon is linked to consecutive neurons or to effector cells by synapses. − an action potential is a sudden and rapid reversal of voltage across the plasma membrane. − an action potential results in release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminals into the synapse.the nervous message propagates from one neuron to another via the synapse. − synaptic transmission describes how a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic one interact with each other in the presence of an effective stimulus. − neurons function in networks that relay messages across the body. − the speed of propagation depends on internal factors such as its nature, cross section. Biology Nervous System / 2 External Structure Dimension Cognitive Nervous System Epistemic System Theme/ Branch Human Body Systems IAB Scope Facet Analytical reasoning Sample Learning Outcomes Benchmark The nervous system receives input and reacts to external stimuli from the environment as well as other systems in the body. Describing and explaining trends, patterns and relationships in data pertaining to common processes that occur within the nervous system and that are responsible for its functioning. The student realizes that: − the somatic nervous system receives external stimuli that determine how it interacts with its environment under certain conditions. − the nervous system and the endocrine system are related such that both achieve communication among different body organs. − the speed of propagation depends on external factors such as temperature, alcohol, drugs and certain medicines. − the striated contractile muscle fibers of the skeletal muscle are arranged in parallel with each other, where the neuromuscular spindles are found. − the nervous system is responsible for social and behavioral functions, and dysfunctions result in severe psychiatric pathology. The student is able to: − explain the functioning of the reflex arc. − explain the role of ion channels and sodium-potassium pumps in the establishment of the resting potential and the action potential. − describe hyperpolarization in terms of its inhibitory effect on a neuron. − describe the all-or-none characteristic and threshold potential of a nerve impulse. − describe a synapse and explain how acetylcholine is used to transmit a signal across the synapse. − explain the relationship between the myelin sheath and nerve impulse transmission. − explain how the central nervous system is protected from injury. − tease out the presence of specific enzymes in the synaptic cleft to explain the fast and short lasting function of neurotransmitters at the level of the synapse. − identify the action potential as presented in a line graph with electrical potential differences plotted as a function of time. Biology Nervous System / 3 Dimension System Cognitive Criterial Reasoning Nervous System Theme/ Branch Human Body Systems IAB Scope Facet Relational Reasoning Sample Learning Outcomes Benchmark The student is able to: − compare the structure of the sensory neuron, motor neuron and interneuron. − compare a nerve to a muscle fiber. Using criteria to classify, − distinguish between action potential and resting potential. and to distinguish between, different parts/processes within − compare and contrast the sympathetic autonomic nervous system and the parasympathetic one according to their opposing functions. the nervous system − compare and contrast curare (antagonist) and nicotine (agonist) according to the similarity of their spatial configuration with that of acetylcholine. The student is able to: − relate the location of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers to white and grey matter within the central nervous system. Determining the relationships − relate the types of stimuli and threshold levels to action potentials and to the between external/internal intensity of responses (summation). stimuli and the nervous system − associate the regulation of the cardiac rhythm with the autonomic nervous response. system. − associate the occurrence of action potential to the presence of an effective stimulus. Biology Nervous System / 4 Dimension System Theme/ Branch Facet Cognitive Nervous System Human Body Systems Critical Reasoning Logical Reasoning Sample Learning Outcomes Benchmark Independently researching and collecting relevant information concerning nervous system activity or pathology, to describe and explore these processes and their causes. Inferring, justifying and deducing from relevant data the occurrence of phenomena and processes that are related to the functioning of the nervous system. The student is able to: − investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic activities of the autonomic nervous system. − research facts and develop hypotheses about the causes of Parkinson’s disease. − design an experiment to investigate conditions affecting the reflex arc. − research synaptic plasticity to explore how synaptic strengthening underlies learning and memory. The student is able to: − infer from data the effects of common stimulants, depressants, or other chemicals on excitatory and inhibitory responses of neurons. − deduce from the results of an experiment that the presence of myelin on nerve fibers increases the conduction speed of the nervous message. − justify why the electrical and chemical changes occur during an action potential. − justify the prolonged action of dopamine at the level of the synapse. − deduce that the action potential can be detected by an oscilloscope, an electronic test instrument that allows the observation of constantly varying signal voltages. − infer that the destruction of motor neurons of the spinal cord by the poliomyelitis virus leads to paralysis in the corresponding muscles. Please refer to the PSE taxonomy for behavioral and metacognitive facets. IAB Scope Biology Nervous System / 5