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L.E. Bio Topic 10 Regulation Part I. The Nervous System Regulation •Control and Coordination of life activities. •Two Ways. 1. _____________- electro-chemical -_______________- _______________-, but _______________- _______________2. ______________- - hormones-proteins “chemical messengers” -______________- to _______________- but _______________- Lasting. * Through 1 & 2 – ______________- is maintained. Like a car on cruise control the body is constantly making adjustments. It is never at rest! Part I. Nerve Control • _____________________________ – _______________- specialized for the transition of impulses from one part of the body to another. •Neurons _______________ _______________ –Cannot be replaced. If outside the brain and spinal cord may slowly grow back. Structure of a Neuron _______________ take in information from surrounding neurons. _______________ or _______________ Processes incoming information and decides whether to “fire’ or not. ______________________________ is an insulating cover around the axon. ______________________________ release neurotransmitters into the synapse. _______________ sends messages out to the terminal branches *Recognize the major parts of the neuron, and what each does; dendrite, cell body or cyton, axon, myelin sheath, terminal branch, synapse, neurotransmitter. 1 The _______________ is a fluid filled gap between the terminal branches and the next neuron’s dendrites, or a muscle or gland. Impulses: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ •Received by dendrites and pass to cell body and then to _______________. •When it reaches the terminal branches it stimulates the release of a _________________________. Synapse – A _______________ (junction) between adjacent neurons, or between neurons and target cells, (_______________ or _______________) – They don’t actually touch. – Gap is temporarily bridged by a ______________________________ AKA nerohumor ex. Acetylcholine. Effectors: _____________________________________________________________________________ – The axons of some neurons have junctions with a muscle or gland –The impulse initiates a response – Contraction – muscle – Secretion - gland Stimulus: ____________________________________________________________________________________(sense organ). – Types of sense receptors –______________________________ –______________________________ –______________________________ –______________________________ –______________________________ –Ect. ______________________________ Response: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________. – Types of effectors –______________________________ –______________________________ 2 Sub-Human Nerve Control Protists – Have some ____________________________________________________________. – No ______________________________ (____________________________________________________________) Hydra – No ______________________________, – Has a crude “____________________________________________________________” – When a neuron is stimulated the impulse travels _________________________ _____________________________________________. Earthworm – Has ______________________________. – Primitive brain (fused ganglia) and ______________________________ nerve cord. – Has ______________________________ nerves that ______________________________ from ______________________________ and nerve cord. –Impulses travel in one direction over definite pathways, Grasshopper – Similar to earthworm – Has ______________________________ & ______________________________ nerves – Has highly developed _ _____________________________ – Eyes, tympana (sound), antennae (touch) 3 Human Nervous – CNS – Highly developed brain & ______________________________nerve cord – ______________________________ nerves – Has highly developed ____________________________________________________________ Neurons 3 Types 1. ______________________________ –Transmit impulses _________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ –Receptors – _______________________________ ________________________________________ 2. ______________________________ –Transmit impulse ___________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________ or ______________________________ ______________________________ –Found in _______________________and ______________________________ –Transmit impulses ____________________________________________________________. – May split impulse and sends it to CNS 4 Pathway of an Impulse Central Nervous System (CNS) = ____________________________________________________________ The Human Brain •Three Parts (see next three slides) 1. ______________________________ largest part of the brain – Receives and interoperates ______________________ from sense organs – Center for ______________________ ______________________ _____________________ and ______________________ – initiates all ______________________ movements 2. ______________________________ Center for ______________________ and ______________________ of muscle movements - ______________________ and behind cerebrum 3. ______________________________ At the ______________________ and ___________________________________ – Connects the brain to spinal column – Controls __________________________________________________________________________________ – Heart beat, breathing, blood pressure, peristalsis 5 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (next three slides) – All sensory and motor neurons that are ______________________ of the CNS – Carry impulses between the ______________________ and _____________________________________. – Has two divisions 1. ______________________ Nervous System – Made up of Nerves that control the ______________________ muscles of the body Nerves that transmit impulses from ______________________ to the ______________ 2. ______________________ Nervous System – Control ______________________ actions (automatic) – Smooth muscle – ex. Peristalsis – Cardiac Muscle – ex. Heart beat – Other involuntary actions – circulation, respiration, ect. Overview of the Nervous System Habits: – ______________________ behavior that becomes ______________________ through ______________________. – Establishes nerve pathways for ______________________ ______________________ – Examples of habits. ( List ) 6 Reflexes: – ___________________________________________________________________________________________. Example Reflex Arc – Set of pathways followed by an impulse in a reflex – No involvement of the ______________________ – Reflexes are usually protective in nature Simple Reflex Arc STUDY THIS FOR QUIZ!!! – 1. _____________________ 2. _____________________ 3. _____________________ (in spinal cord) 4. ______________________ 5. ______________________ (muscle or gland.) Nervous System Disorders – Cerebral Palsy: is a disorder that affects muscle tone, movement, and motor skills (the ability to move in a coordinated and purposeful way). CP is usually caused by brain damage that occurs before or during a child's birth, or during the first 3 to 5 years of a child's life. There is no cure for CP. – Meningitis: Meningitis is a serious illness that affects the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. – Stroke: This "brain attack" happens when blood flow to the brain stops, even for a brief second. – Polio: Is a viral disease that can damage the nervous system and cause paralysis. Since polio immunization has become widespread in the United States, cases of polio are rare. However, polio remains a problem in many parts of the world. 7