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Anatomy & Physiology for Massage Therapy & Myomassology Nervous System Description: This system regulates all movements in and of the body. It also controls the processes of consciousness. Its single goal is to maintain homeostasis. Is responsible for all behavior…every thought, every action, and emotion reflects its activity. Regulates all movements in and of the body. Works with the Endocrine system to maintain homeostasis. Functions: Sensory the ability to recognize changes in the environment. Integrative - the ability to interpret those changes Motor the ability to react to those environmental changes The primary functions include; the ability to recognize changes in and of the body, the ability to interpret those changes and the ability to react to those changes. Homeostasis - The relatively constant state of the internal environment of the body that is maintained by adaptive responses. Specific control and feedback mechanisms are responsible for adjusting body systems to maintain this state. Sense organs – specialized cells that can detect environmental changes called stimuli. Various sense organs contain receptors. The skin, for example, is a sense organ that contains receptors that sense changes in a wide variety of stimuli for pain, touch, pressure, heat, and cold. See list in the text on p.316 Chemoreceptors – sense chemical stimuli. (Nose and smell, tongue and taste) Proprioceptors – located in the joints of the body, as well in muscles and tendons, are sensitive to movement and stretching. Photoreceptors – rods and cones are sensitive to light in the eyes Mechanoreceptors – sensory hair cells in the inner ear are responsible for balance and hearing. Nociceptors – pain receptors Randy Fillion NCTMB 1 Anatomy & Physiology for Massage Therapy & Myomassology Organization & Divisions of the Nervous System: Central Nervous System– (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. All sensory impulses must go to the brain to be acted upon Most motor impulses originated in the brain, and result in muscular contractions and glandular secretions. Peripheral Nervous System – (PNS) consists of the nerves that attach to the central nervous system. It operates primarily at the subconscious level, performing many of its duties through the spinal cord and the lower centers of the brain. It is made up of the cranial and spinal nerves and the nerve ganglia. It is all the tissue found outside of the brain and spinal cord. Somatic System - controls voluntary neurons Autonomic Nervous System – controls involuntary motor neurons Sympathetic – ‘Fight or Flight’ controls and increases blood pressure, heart rate, blood supply to muscles, blood sugars and epinephrine decrease in blood to the skin and digestion It activates the body to cope with stress. Parasympathetic – “Rest and Repose” controls and decreases blood pressure, heart rate, blood supply to the muscles and the heart increase in blood to the skin and digestion controls digestion, respiration, and glandular function it conserves body energy **************************************************************** Neurons – The functional unit of the nervous system, specialized to generate and send nerve impulses to parts of the body. Anatomy of a Neuron : Dendrite The branched part, that conducts the impulse toward the cell body. An incoming nerve cell process that can act as a receptor or connect to separate specialized receptors. Conducts stimulus information to the nerve cell body. Produces voltage changes in response to various stimuli and assists in nerve impulse formation. Randy Fillion NCTMB 2 Anatomy & Physiology for Massage Therapy & Myomassology Cell body - The nucleus of the neuron. The all of none principle that’s place here. An enlarged part of the nerve cell containing abundant cytoplasm and cell organelles. It is sometimes called the soma. Receives information from dendrites and sends messages out through the axon. The primary site for maintaining the life of the nerve cell which support the dendrites and axon. Axon - A pathway that the impulses travel through to get to its desired destination Myelin Sheath – a fatty substance that protects the Large Peripheral Axon Functions of Neurons – Sensory – also called afferent neurons – carry impulses toward the CNS Motor – also called efferent neurons – carry impulses away from the CNS Integrative – also called Associative Synapse – the junction between the sensory, motor axons, and spinal cord Classification of Neurons Neuroglia Terms Receptors Randy Fillion NCTMB 3 Anatomy & Physiology for Massage Therapy & Myomassology The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Dermatomes The Spinal Cord - a two-way superhighway that carries sensory and motor nerve impulses back and forth between the brain and the body. Description: Cylindrical, slightly flattened anterior to posterior A continuation of the medulla oblongata Extends from the Foramen Magnum to L2 Protection of the Spinal Cord Vertebra – consists of 2 parts the body, anterior the vertebral arch, which is posterior and made up of 2 lamina, 2 pedicles and 7 processes together they combine to create/form the foramen (opening) in which the cord passes through Meninges & CSF Meninges: Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater Dura mater – the outermost layer, made of tough fibrous tissue..,”tough mother” Arachnoid – middle layer that resembles a spider’s web Pia mater – innermost layer, very thin and delicate. “little mother” Cerebral Spinal Fluid – a water fluid that acts as a shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord, while to delivers nutrients to and removes waste away from the CNS. Vertebral Ligaments – connect vertebra together and allow for the correct movement between these amphiarthroses joints. Randy Fillion NCTMB 4 Anatomy & Physiology for Massage Therapy & Myomassology Spinal Nerves – emerge from the spinal cord. The cord is enlarged in the cervical and lumbrosacral regions, where the spinal nerves serving the limbs arise. There are 31 pair of spinal nerves. 8 pair of cervical nerves – cervical and brachial plexuses (innervates the muscles/skin of the neck and shoulder) 12 pair of thoracic nerves – spinal cord 5 pair of lumbar nerves – lumbar plexus (innervates thigh muscles & part of leg) 5 pair sacral nerves – sacral plexus (innervates the posterior aspect of lower leg) 1 pair of coccygeal nerves – sacral plexus The longest nerve in the body is the sciatic nerve. Dermatome – A specific skin area of the body innervated by sensory nerves entering a particular spinal cord segment. Nerve Plexus – networks of nerves Cervical Brachial Median Lumbrosacral Sciatic Reflexes – involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus that is conveyed to the CNS. Stretch Reflex Reflex arc – a neuron pathway that allows for the motor response to be started before the brain has the chance to interpret the sensory impulse. Synapse – the junction between the sensory, motor axons, and spinal cord The Brain The brain provides us with voluntary movements, interpretation, and integration of sensation (it tells you what you’re seeing, smelling, hearing, tasting, and touching), consciousness, and cognitive function (thinking) Randy Fillion NCTMB 5 Anatomy & Physiology for Massage Therapy & Myomassology Protections of the Brain Cranial Bones Meninges: Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater Dura mater – the outermost layer, made of tough fibrous tissue..,”tough mother” Arachnoid – middle layer that resembles a spider’s web Pia mater – innermost layer, very thin and delicate. “little mother” Cerebral Spinal Fluid – a water fluid that acts as a shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord, while to delivers nutrients to and removes waste away from the CNS. Circle of Willis – A configuration of arteries that supply a constant supply of blood to all areas of the brain equally. The Cerebrum Divisions of the Cerebrum Hemispheres – Left – stores analytical information Right – stores artistical information Lobes Frontal – voluntary skeletal muscles (motor) Temporal – hearing & smell (sensory) Occipital – vision (sensory) Parietal – speech (sensory) Insula – allows the other lobes to connect with each other Randy Fillion NCTMB 6 Anatomy & Physiology for Massage Therapy & Myomassology The Limbic System The outer layer of gray matter (large formations of neuron cell bodies) that store your memory, emotions, personality, will power and judgement. These formations of gray matter are connected by white matter which are nothing more than groupings of axons (myelin sheath) that carry the impulses from one lobe to another. The Diencephalon Thalamus – starts the interpretative process, crude interpretations are made here for sensory impulses. Hypothalamus – monitors/controls the functions of the body’s organs, glands and blood. The Brain Stem Medulla Oblongata – houses the 3 vital reflex centers cardiac – heart beat vasomotor – blood pressure medullary rhythmnicity Pons – lies between the medulla and the midbrain, its functions to start sorting impulses. Midbrain – continues the sorting process that was started by the Pons. Also called, the Mescencephalon. Cranial Nerves – Twelve pairs of cranial nerves are listed in the text on p. 355 The Cerebellum The motor area of the brain, it controls sub-conscious skeletal muscular movements…Coordination, balance, and Posture Vision Hearing Taste Smell Bodyworker’s and the Nervous System Randy Fillion NCTMB 7 Anatomy & Physiology for Massage Therapy & Myomassology Diagram of the brain. Identify the indicated parts/structures of the brain by writing the letter of the structure next to the correct term. a. b. c. d. e. f. Pituitary Gland Brainstem Cerebellum Cerebrum Spinal Cord Hypothalamus Randy Fillion NCTMB 8 Anatomy & Physiology for Massage Therapy & Myomassology The Nervous System Completion: In the space provided, write the word(s) that correctly complete each statement. 1. The major parts of the nervous system are the ______________________________and _____________________________. 2. The structural unit of the nervous system is the ________________ or _______________. 3. There are two types of nerve fibers. _________________ connect with other neurons to receive information and a single ________________ conducts impulses away from the cell body. 4. Impulses are passed from one neuron to another at a junction called a ________________. 5. Neurons that originate in the periphery and carry information toward the central nervous system (CNS) are _________________ or ________________ neurons. 6. The CNS is covered by a special connective tissue membrane called the ________________, which has three layers: the ___________________, the ____________________, and the ______________________. 7. Neurons that carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands that they control are _________________ or ________________ neurons. 8. The portion of the nervous system that is surrounded by bone is the ____________________ which consists of the ____________________ and the ____________________. 9. The fluid that surrounds and supports the brain and spinal cords is ____________________. 10. The largest portion making up the front and top of the brain is the ____________________. 11. Afferents that monitor position and movement of the skeletal muscles and joints are known as ________________________. 12. The largest nerve in the body is the ___________________ nerve. Randy Fillion NCTMB 9 Anatomy & Physiology for Massage Therapy & Myomassology 13. A rapid automatic response to a specific sensory signal is known as __________________. 14. The neurotransmitter associated with the “fight or flight” response is __________________. 15. Most neurons do not have a _________________ and lose their ability to multiply. 16. The two divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the __________________________ which involves the nerves to the visceral organs, glands, and blood vessels, and the _____________________________, which involves the nerves to the muscles and skin. **************************************** Identification: Diagram of a nerve cell. Identify the indicated structures by writing the letter of the structures next to the correct term. ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 1. nucleus 2. axon 3. dendrite 4. cell body 5. protective fatty sheath 6. axon bulb B D C A F E Randy Fillion NCTMB 10 Anatomy & Physiology for Massage Therapy & Myomassology Multiple Choice and True/False: Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Astrocytes, monitoring the substances that enter and leave the brain to prevent sudden changes in the environment around the Central Nervous System (CNS) is known as the: A) crenocytes B) blood-brain barrier C) satellite cells D) microglia 2. A) B) C) D) Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and endorphins are all examples of: intercellular fluid biotransmitters neurotransmitters synapse fluid 3. When stimulus is applied over a prolonged period of time, the frequency of action potentials begins to decline. This phenomenon is known as: A) adaptation B) degeneration C) phasic adaptation D) receptor potential 4. The olfactory, trigeminal, and vagus nerves are part of the 12 pairs of nerves collectively known as cervical nerves. 5. A) B) C) D) The largest nerve in the body is: brachial femoral sciatic median 6. A) B) C) D) _____________ neurons are responsible for muscle tone. Sensory Muscle spindle Gamma motor Visceral motor Randy Fillion NCTMB 11 Anatomy & Physiology for Massage Therapy & Myomassology 7. A) B) C) D) Touch, pressure, pain, cold, and warmth are all examples of: integumentary sensors thermal receptors touch receptors cutaneous sensors 8. A) B) C) D) A rapid automatic response to a specific sensory signal is known as: specific response automatic effect sensory effect reflexes 9. The collection of nuclei and tracts involved with the creation of emotions, sexual behavior, fear, rage, and memory process is known as the limbic system. 10. The nerves that carry impulses from the receptors to the Central Nervous System (CNS) are known as: A) motor units B) efferents C) sensory nerves D) receiving units 11. A) B) C) D) The neurotransmitter associated with “fight or flight” response is: endorphin dopamine serotonin adrenaline 12. The sensors that detect change in the internal and external environment are known as: A) sensory nerves B) receptors C) efferents D) afferents 13. A) B) C) D) Classically, the brain and spinal cord together are known as: autonomic nervous system peripheral nervous system sympathetic nervous system central nervous system Randy Fillion NCTMB 12 Anatomy & Physiology for Massage Therapy & Myomassology 14. A) B) C) D) Efferents are also known as: sensory nerves motor nerves cranial nerves spinal nerves 15. Afferents that monitor position and movement of the skeletal muscles and joints are known as: A) associated neurons B) exteroceptors C) interoceptors D) proprioceptors 16. A) B) C) D) Most neurons do not have a ________and lose their ability to multiply. nuclei ganglia reticulum centriole 17. A) B) C) D) The nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain are known as: spinal nerves auditory nerves cranial nerves peripheral nerves 18. Even though a whole neuron cannot be regenerated, if damaged, dendrites and axons can regenerate if cell body is intact. 19. The multi-layered membranous wrapping around the axon is known as the synapse sheath. 20. The activities of the centers that control respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion and are located in the pons and medulla are coordinated by the hypothalamus. Randy Fillion NCTMB 13