Download Nervous System

Anatomy & Physiology for Massage Therapy & Myomassology
Nervous System
Description: This system regulates all movements in and of the body.
It also controls the processes of consciousness. Its single goal is to
maintain homeostasis.
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Is responsible for all behavior…every thought, every action, and emotion
reflects its activity.
Regulates all movements in and of the body.
Works with the Endocrine system to maintain homeostasis.
Functions:
Sensory the ability to recognize changes in the environment.
Integrative - the ability to interpret those changes
Motor the ability to react to those environmental changes
The primary functions include; the ability to recognize changes in and of the body,
the ability to interpret those changes and the ability to react to those changes.
Homeostasis - The relatively constant state of the internal environment of the body that
is maintained by adaptive responses. Specific control and feedback mechanisms are
responsible for adjusting body systems to maintain this state.
Sense organs – specialized cells that can detect environmental changes called
stimuli. Various sense organs contain receptors. The skin, for example, is a sense
organ that contains receptors that sense changes in a wide variety of stimuli for
pain, touch, pressure, heat, and cold.
See list in the text on p.316
Chemoreceptors – sense chemical stimuli. (Nose and smell, tongue and taste)
Proprioceptors – located in the joints of the body, as well in muscles and tendons,
are sensitive to movement and stretching.
Photoreceptors – rods and cones are sensitive to light in the eyes
Mechanoreceptors – sensory hair cells in the inner ear are responsible for balance
and hearing.
Nociceptors – pain receptors
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Organization & Divisions of the Nervous System:
Central Nervous System– (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
 All sensory impulses must go to the brain to be acted upon
 Most motor impulses originated in the brain, and result in muscular
contractions and glandular secretions.
Peripheral Nervous System – (PNS) consists of the nerves that attach to
the central nervous system. It operates primarily at the
subconscious level, performing many of its duties through the spinal cord and the
lower centers of the brain. It is made up of the cranial and spinal nerves and the
nerve ganglia. It is all the tissue found outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Somatic System - controls voluntary neurons
Autonomic Nervous System – controls involuntary motor neurons
Sympathetic – ‘Fight or Flight’
 controls and increases blood pressure, heart rate, blood supply to
muscles,
blood sugars and epinephrine
 decrease in blood to the skin and digestion
 It activates the body to cope with stress.
Parasympathetic – “Rest and Repose”
 controls and decreases blood pressure, heart rate, blood supply to
the muscles and the heart
 increase in blood to the skin and digestion
 controls digestion, respiration, and glandular function
 it conserves body energy
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Neurons – The functional unit of the nervous system, specialized to
generate and send nerve impulses to parts of the body.
Anatomy of a Neuron :
Dendrite The branched part, that conducts the impulse
toward the cell body.
An incoming nerve cell process that can act as a receptor or
connect to separate specialized receptors.
Conducts stimulus information to the nerve cell body.
Produces voltage changes in response to various stimuli and
assists in nerve impulse formation.
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Cell body - The nucleus of the neuron. The all of none
principle that’s place here. An enlarged part of the nerve cell
containing abundant cytoplasm and cell organelles. It is
sometimes called the soma.
Receives information from dendrites and sends messages out
through the axon.
The primary site for maintaining the life of the nerve cell which
support the dendrites and axon.
Axon - A pathway that the impulses travel through to get
to its desired destination
Myelin Sheath – a fatty substance that protects the Large
Peripheral Axon
Functions of Neurons –
Sensory – also called afferent neurons – carry impulses toward the
CNS
Motor – also called efferent neurons – carry impulses away from the
CNS
Integrative – also called Associative
Synapse – the junction between the sensory, motor axons, and spinal cord
Classification of Neurons
Neuroglia
Terms
Receptors
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The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Dermatomes
The Spinal Cord
- a two-way superhighway that carries sensory and motor nerve impulses back
and forth between the brain and the body.
Description:
 Cylindrical, slightly flattened anterior to posterior
 A continuation of the medulla oblongata
 Extends from the Foramen Magnum to L2
Protection of the Spinal Cord
Vertebra – consists of 2 parts
the body, anterior
the vertebral arch, which is posterior and made up of 2 lamina,
2 pedicles and 7 processes together they combine to
create/form the foramen (opening) in which the cord
passes through
Meninges & CSF
Meninges:
Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater
Dura mater – the outermost layer, made of tough fibrous
tissue..,”tough mother”
Arachnoid – middle layer that resembles a spider’s web
Pia mater – innermost layer, very thin and delicate.
“little mother”
Cerebral Spinal Fluid – a water fluid that acts as a shock absorber
for the brain and spinal cord, while to delivers
nutrients to and removes waste away from the
CNS.
Vertebral Ligaments – connect vertebra together and allow for the
correct movement between these amphiarthroses
joints.
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Spinal Nerves – emerge from the spinal cord. The cord is enlarged in the cervical and
lumbrosacral regions, where the spinal nerves serving the limbs arise.
There are 31 pair of spinal nerves.
8 pair of cervical nerves – cervical and brachial plexuses
(innervates the muscles/skin of the neck and shoulder)
12 pair of thoracic nerves – spinal cord
5 pair of lumbar nerves – lumbar plexus
(innervates thigh muscles & part of leg)
5 pair sacral nerves – sacral plexus
(innervates the posterior aspect of lower leg)
1 pair of coccygeal nerves – sacral plexus
The longest nerve in the body is the sciatic nerve.
Dermatome – A specific skin area of the body innervated by sensory nerves entering a
particular spinal cord segment.
Nerve Plexus – networks of nerves
Cervical
Brachial
Median
Lumbrosacral
Sciatic
Reflexes – involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus that is conveyed to the CNS.
Stretch Reflex
Reflex arc – a neuron pathway that allows for the motor response to be
started before the brain has the chance to interpret the
sensory impulse.
Synapse – the junction between the sensory, motor axons, and spinal cord
The Brain
The brain provides us with voluntary movements, interpretation, and integration
of sensation (it tells you what you’re seeing, smelling, hearing, tasting, and touching),
consciousness, and cognitive function (thinking)
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Protections of the Brain
Cranial Bones
Meninges:
Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater
Dura mater – the outermost layer, made of tough fibrous
tissue..,”tough mother”
Arachnoid – middle layer that resembles a spider’s web
Pia mater – innermost layer, very thin and delicate.
“little mother”
Cerebral Spinal Fluid – a water fluid that acts as a shock absorber
for the brain and spinal cord, while to delivers
nutrients to and removes waste away from the
CNS.
Circle of Willis – A configuration of arteries that supply a constant
supply of blood to all areas of the brain equally.
The Cerebrum
Divisions of the Cerebrum
Hemispheres –
Left – stores analytical information
Right – stores artistical information
Lobes
Frontal – voluntary skeletal muscles (motor)
Temporal – hearing & smell (sensory)
Occipital – vision (sensory)
Parietal – speech (sensory)
Insula – allows the other lobes to connect with each
other
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The Limbic System
The outer layer of gray matter (large formations of neuron cell
bodies) that store your memory, emotions, personality, will
power and judgement. These formations of gray matter are
connected by white matter which are nothing more than
groupings of axons (myelin sheath) that carry the impulses from
one lobe to another.
The Diencephalon
Thalamus – starts the interpretative process, crude interpretations are
made here for sensory impulses.
Hypothalamus – monitors/controls the functions of the body’s
organs, glands and blood.
The Brain Stem
Medulla Oblongata – houses the 3 vital reflex centers
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cardiac – heart beat
vasomotor – blood pressure
medullary rhythmnicity
Pons – lies between the medulla and the midbrain, its functions to
start sorting impulses.
Midbrain – continues the sorting process that was started by the
Pons. Also called,
the Mescencephalon.
Cranial Nerves – Twelve pairs of cranial nerves are listed in the text on p. 355
The Cerebellum
The motor area of the brain, it controls sub-conscious skeletal muscular
movements…Coordination, balance, and Posture
Vision
Hearing
Taste
Smell
Bodyworker’s and the Nervous System
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Diagram of the brain. Identify the indicated parts/structures of the brain by writing the
letter of the structure next to the correct term.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Pituitary Gland
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Spinal Cord
Hypothalamus
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The Nervous System
Completion: In the space provided, write the word(s) that correctly complete each
statement.
1. The major parts of the nervous system are the
______________________________and _____________________________.
2. The structural unit of the nervous system is the ________________ or
_______________.
3. There are two types of nerve fibers. _________________ connect with other
neurons to receive information and a single ________________ conducts
impulses away from the cell body.
4. Impulses are passed from one neuron to another at a junction called a
________________.
5. Neurons that originate in the periphery and carry information toward the
central nervous system (CNS) are _________________ or ________________
neurons.
6. The CNS is covered by a special connective tissue membrane called the
________________, which has three layers: the ___________________, the
____________________, and the ______________________.
7. Neurons that carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands that
they control are _________________ or ________________ neurons.
8. The portion of the nervous system that is surrounded by bone is the
____________________ which consists of the ____________________ and the
____________________.
9. The fluid that surrounds and supports the brain and spinal cords is
____________________.
10. The largest portion making up the front and top of the brain is the
____________________.
11. Afferents that monitor position and movement of the skeletal muscles and
joints are known as ________________________.
12. The largest nerve in the body is the ___________________ nerve.
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13. A rapid automatic response to a specific sensory signal is known as
__________________.
14. The neurotransmitter associated with the “fight or flight” response is
__________________.
15. Most neurons do not have a _________________ and lose their ability to
multiply.
16. The two divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the
__________________________ which involves the nerves to the visceral
organs, glands, and blood vessels, and the _____________________________,
which involves the nerves to the muscles and skin.
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Identification: Diagram of a nerve cell. Identify the indicated structures by
writing the letter of the structures next to the correct term.
______
______
______
______
______
______
1. nucleus
2. axon
3. dendrite
4. cell body
5. protective fatty sheath
6. axon bulb
B
D
C
A
F
E
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Multiple Choice and True/False: Identify the letter of the choice that best completes
the statement or answers the question.
1. Astrocytes, monitoring the substances that enter and leave the brain to prevent
sudden changes in the environment around the Central Nervous System (CNS) is
known as the:
A) crenocytes
B) blood-brain barrier
C) satellite cells
D) microglia
2.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and endorphins are all examples of:
intercellular fluid
biotransmitters
neurotransmitters
synapse fluid
3. When stimulus is applied over a prolonged period of time, the frequency of action
potentials begins to decline. This phenomenon is known as:
A) adaptation
B) degeneration
C) phasic adaptation
D) receptor potential
4. The olfactory, trigeminal, and vagus nerves are part of the 12 pairs of nerves
collectively known as cervical nerves.
5.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The largest nerve in the body is:
brachial
femoral
sciatic
median
6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
_____________ neurons are responsible for muscle tone.
Sensory
Muscle spindle
Gamma motor
Visceral motor
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7.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Touch, pressure, pain, cold, and warmth are all examples of:
integumentary sensors
thermal receptors
touch receptors
cutaneous sensors
8.
A)
B)
C)
D)
A rapid automatic response to a specific sensory signal is known as:
specific response
automatic effect
sensory effect
reflexes
9. The collection of nuclei and tracts involved with the creation of emotions, sexual
behavior, fear, rage, and memory process is known as the limbic system.
10. The nerves that carry impulses from the receptors to the Central Nervous System
(CNS) are known as:
A) motor units
B) efferents
C) sensory nerves
D) receiving units
11.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The neurotransmitter associated with “fight or flight” response is:
endorphin
dopamine
serotonin
adrenaline
12. The sensors that detect change in the internal and external environment are known
as:
A) sensory nerves
B) receptors
C) efferents
D) afferents
13.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Classically, the brain and spinal cord together are known as:
autonomic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
central nervous system
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14.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Efferents are also known as:
sensory nerves
motor nerves
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
15. Afferents that monitor position and movement of the skeletal muscles and joints
are known as:
A) associated neurons
B) exteroceptors
C) interoceptors
D) proprioceptors
16.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Most neurons do not have a ________and lose their ability to multiply.
nuclei
ganglia
reticulum
centriole
17.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain are known as:
spinal nerves
auditory nerves
cranial nerves
peripheral nerves
18. Even though a whole neuron cannot be regenerated, if damaged, dendrites and
axons can regenerate if cell body is intact.
19. The multi-layered membranous wrapping around the axon is known as the
synapse sheath.
20. The activities of the centers that control respiration, heart rate, blood pressure,
and digestion and are located in the pons and medulla are coordinated by the
hypothalamus.
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