Download bio 342 human physiology

7 October 2011
Chapter 6 Section D: Anatomy
1QQ # 13 for 8:30 class
1. Which will activate muscarinic acetylcholine
receptors?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
acetylcholine
nicotine
muscarine
curare
atropine.
2. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Are metabotropic receptors.
Can be activated with nicotine.
Can be activated with acetylcholine.
Can be blocked with muscarine.
Can be activated with atropine.
1QQ # 14 for 8:30 class
1. Pain and temperature information
a)
b)
c)
d)
Is carried in the spinothalamic tract
Is carried in the dorsal column/medial lemniscal tract
Crosses (decussates) in the spinal cord
Is relayed to the somatosensory cortex via 3rd order neurons in the
thalamus
e) Is carried in the anterolateral tract.
2. Which are true of touch and proprioception pathways?
a) Second order neurons are located in the dorsal column nuclei
b) Axons of first order neurons travel in the spinothalamic tract
c) Axons of first order neurons decussate (cross the midline) in the spinal
cord
d) Axons of second order neurons travel in the medial lemniscus.
e) Axons of first order neurons ascend in the dorsal columns and synapse
onto second order neurons in the dorsal column nuclei.
1QQ # 13 for 9:30 class
1. Which will block muscarinic acetylcholine receptors?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
acetylcholine
nicotine
muscarine
curare
atropine.
2. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Are metabotropic receptors
Can be activated with nicotine
Can be activated with acetylcholine
Can be blocked with muscarine
Can be activated with atropine.
1QQ # 14 for 9:30 class
1. Pain and temperature information
a)
b)
c)
d)
Is carried in the anterolateral tract
Is carried in the dorsal column/medial lemniscal tract
Crosses (decussates) in the medulla
Is relayed to the somatosensory cortex via 3rd order neurons in the
thalamus
e) Is carried in the spinothalamic tract.
2. Which are true of touch and proprioception pathways?
a) First order neurons are located in the dorsal column nuclei
b) Axons of first order neurons travel in the spinothalamic tract
c) Axons of first order neurons decussate (cross the midline) in the spinal
cord
d) Axons of second order neurons travel in the medial lemniscus.
e) Axons of first order neurons ascend in the dorsal columns and synapse
onto second order neurons in the dorsal column nuclei.
S1
Types of Ligand-Gated Receptors
= ACH = Acetylcholine
Inotropic receptor
Metabotropic receptor
Agonist = Nicotine
Agonist = Muscarine
Antagonist = Curare
Antagonist = Atropine
Types of Acetylcholine Receptors so named for agonist:
Nicotinic AChR and Muscarinic AChR
S2
Pharmacological agents intended to act in brain
must be able to cross blood-brain barrier.
Who Cares?
Parkinsons Disease
Treatments for Parkinsonism:
a) tablets of L-Dopa (which crosses the BBB) unlike Dopamine (which
would have widespread effects)
b) electrical stimulation
c) neuronal transplants (self, fetal, stem cell, pig)
NIH Stem Cell Information
S3
Touch, pain,
temperature,
proprioception
Vessel stretch,
O2, CO2, etc.
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Vision, taste,
smell, hearing,
equilibrium
Skeletal
Muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands
Tracts,
pathways,
commissures
Nuclei
Nerves & Ganglia
Control of digestive
functions in
quadraplegics via
enteric nervous system.
S4
Figure 6.38
S5
Components of gray matter
Figure 6.39
Amygdala &
Hippocampus
S6
How do we know the functions of various brain regions?
Analogy: experiments to
discover the function of a
battery in a car.
a) Correlations of deficits of
stroke victims with brain regions
affected.
b) Selective ablations.
c) Selective electrical and
chemical microstimulation
i) Dr. Hettes’s
experiments on rats
ii) Neurologist Wilder
Penfield & Epilepsy
S7
S8
Homunculus = representation of body parts
S9
Dorsal roots = sensory
(afferent)
Ventral roots = motor
(efferent, both somatic and
autonomic)
Gray matter regions of brain
and spinal cord
“Pinched nerves” and bulging
discs
Ascending and descending
axonal tracts in white matter
not anatomically delineated.
Atlanta-Boston flight
Origin-Destination
Naming of white
matter tracts…..
S 10
Explanation for Cervical and lumbar
enlargements of spinal cord.
Spinal nerves named for vertebral level.
8
12
5
5
1
Using patient’s localization of symptoms with
knowledge of dermatomes to determine
which spinal nerve is affected by damage.
Epidural injections into region of cauda
equina of Lidocaine-like agents to block
action potentials in sensory and motor axons
without risk of damage to spinal cord.