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Biology and Behavior Unit 2 Chapter 3 Neuron Diagram Neurotransmitters and Behavior Acetylcholine motor neurons and voluntary muscles contributes to attention, arousal and memory GABA responsible for inhibition in central nervous system regulates anxiety and modulates sleep Monoamines Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin controls voluntary movements abnormal levels contribute to psychological disorders Endorphins contributes to modulation of pain The Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System responsible for voluntary movement carry information in skin, muscles, joints to CNS and from CNS to muscles Autonomic Nervous System controls automatic, involuntary visceral functions mediates physiological arousal (emotions) Fight-or- flight response Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic mobilizes body’s resources for emergencies fight-or-flight response releases hormones activation slows digestion and drains blood from periphery Parasympathetic conserves bodily resources slow HR, reduce BP activates processes that allow the body to save and store energy Central Nervous System lies within the skull and spinal column Brain and spinal cord protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid The Spinal Cord connects brain to body carries brain’s commands to peripheral nerves relays sensations from periphery of body to brain transmits signals from brain to motor neurons to move body’s muscles The Brain The Hindbrain Medulla attached to spinal cord controls unconscious functions Pons bridge of fibers connecting brainstem to cerebellum circulating blood, breathing coordination of movement and sense of equilibrium clusters of cell bodies controlling sleep and arousal The Midbrain lies between the hindbrain and forebrain integrates sensory processes hearing + vision reticular formation contributes to muscle reflexes, breathing, pain perception, and arousal The Forebrain Thalamus composed of somas relays all sensory information except smell Hypothalamus controls autonomic nervous system links brain and endocrine system regulates basic biological drives Limbic system regulates emotion, memory and motivation hippocampus + memory Cerebrum responsible for complex mental activities learning, thinking, remembering The Cerebrum Occipital lobe back of the head primary visual cortex receives and processes visual information Parietal Lobe forward of occipital lobe primary somatosensory cortex registers sense of touch Temporal Lobe below parietal lobe primary auditory cortex devoted to auditory processing Frontal Lobe largest lobe at front primary motor cortex controls muscle movement Right Brain/Left Brain: Cerebral Laterality Unit 2 Chapter 3 Right Hemisphere Nonverbal processing Intuitive follow “gut feeling” Thoughtful spatial, musical, visual recognition tasks sense others feelings Imaginative creating images Left Hemisphere Verbal processing Logical decisions based on facts Analytical language, speech, reading, writing follow fine details Memory processing symbols Bisecting the Brain Each hemisphere’s primary connections are to the opposite side of the body L hemisphere = R hand R hemisphere = L hand Both eyes and ears deliver information to both hemispheres Auditory input stronger/ more immediate for opposite hemisphere Handedness the hand that performs faster or more precisely on manual tests the hand that one prefers to use, regardless of performance either left or right either right or non-right ambidexterity Brain lateralization & Handedness handedness was opposite from the specialized hemisphere majority of left-handers also seem to have a left-hemispheric brain specialization genetic factors, brain injury Problem Solving Tasks Males rely heavily on left brain solve problems step by step Females greater access to right brain focus on more than one problem at a time The Endocrine System Unit 2 Chapter 3 Endocrine System: Another Way to Communicate consists of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream that help control bodily functions digestion blood pressure regulation pulsatile- released several times/day in brief bursts or pulses that last only minutes