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2
Chapter
Cognitive Neuroscience
L Instruction Tip
Arrange to have a physician, technician, or psychologist working with imaging techniques
give a guest lecture on the topic (and/or arrange for a visit at their location to see a session
in progress).
Discussion Topics
Modern imaging techniques have allow researcher to 'see' the where and when of brain
functioning, but some might argue that this is modern phrenology in that it tells us little about the
underlying psychology. Do you agree?
Some might argue that cognitive psychology is a thing in the past and that it should now be called
cognitive neuroscience. Do you agree with this?
Many of the cognitive neuroscience results are based on blood flow studies. What is the rationale
for the use of blood flow? Do you agree with this assumption? What are some other assumptions
made using these methods?
Some research has found that when a person develops expertise for a task, less blood flows to
that area. Does this create problems for the assumption that blood flow equates with cognition?
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Chapter 2 Cognitive Neuroscience
Demonstrations
THE SQUEEZE CIRCUIT
Procedure:
1. Randomly select an even number of males and females from the class (should have at least 15
of each).
2. Have the students sit on the floor in a single file (males in one line, females in the other), with
their right hands on the right shoulder of the student in front of them.
3. Have everyone close their eyes as the first person in the line is cued to squeeze the shoulder of
the person they are facing. As soon as a person feels the squeeze, they are to squeeze the
shoulder of the person in front of them, passing on the squeeze signal, like neural signals in the
body.
4. Using a stopwatch, record the time required to complete the circuit. The procedure may be
repeated to improve efficiency and time.
5. Next, have the students turn shoulder-to-shoulder and place their right hands on their
neighbor’s ankle.
6. Repeat the signal transmission and compare the times required to complete the circuit.
Compare differences within gender group trials and between groups
Insights:
This is actually an example of a quasi-experiment, since gender is a quasi-experimental variable
(subjects cannot be randomly assigned to either condition). Cause is difficult to surmise in quasiexperimental designs due to the fact that subjects are not randomly assigned to groups, opening
up the possibility that factors other than the manipulated ones may be correlated with the
experimental groups. In this example, for instance, there may be aspects of being male or female
other than biology that affect the subjects’ performance here. While comparing within group
inter-trial differences, you should find that transferring the signal using ankle-to-hand
transmission requires more time to complete. This is an indicator of the increase in time required
for neural transmissions from the ankle to the head, compared to shoulder to the head. To
calculate an estimate of the speed of sensory neural transmission, divide the increase in elapsed
time by the number of students, and then divide this figure by the average of the distance from
the ankle to the shoulder (around 3 or 4 feet).
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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank
Internet Sites
INTRODUCTION TO NEUROSCIENCE
http://www.mattababy.org/~belmonte/Teaching/Neuroscience/
This site is a course outline for an Introductory Neuroscience course. There are some useful
black and white images and some good links. This may be more useful to the instructor than to
the students.
INTRODUCTION TO MRI
http://www.mritutor.org/mritutor/
This tutorial covers the basic aspects of MRI and includes a search engine for topics of interest.
PRIMATE HANDEDNESS AND BRAIN LATERALIZATION RESEARCH
http://www.indiana.edu/~primate/index.html
What does handedness have to do with brain lateralization? This is an interesting but long,
handedness questionnaire.
BRAIN ASYMMETRY
http://coglab.wadsworth.com/experiments/BrainAsymmetry.shtml
This experiment gives the student exposure to how lateralization studies are conducted. The
instructions are detailed and need to be read in full before beginning the experiment. A Java
enabled browser is required and you can log in as “guest.”
NEUROSCIENCES ON THE INTERNET
http://www.neuroguide.com/neurojour.html
World Wide Web sites of basic and clinical neuroscience journals, as well as some key basic
science and medical journals, are included in the pages of this section. Some sites offer the full
text of the journals. By viewing the neuroscience journals students can begin to develop an idea
of what topics are studied under neuroscience.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE
http://neuro.psyc.memphis.edu/NeuroPsyc/home.htm
This is a site with outlines on a broad range of neuropsychology topics.
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Chapter 2 Cognitive Neuroscience
Movies
Awakenings (1990) Based on the true story of medical researcher Dr. Malcolm Sayer (Robin
Williams), who attempts to treat a group of patients who've laid comatose in a Bronx hospital
for 30 years. Sayer prescribes an experimental drug, and it works. Robert De Niro co-stars as a
patient unconscious since adolescence who must come to terms with life as an adult.
Digging to China (1998) A troubled young girl, ignored by her alcoholic mother and
preoccupied sister, befriends a mentally handicapped man in the neighborhood. When her
mother dies in a car accident, the girl learns a terrible family secret and attempts to run away.
Face/Off (1997) When an antiterrorism agent (John Travolta) wants to get the bad guys, he goes
under the knife to acquire the face and voice of a captured terrorist (Nicolas Cage). When Cage
escapes from custody, he turns the tables and takes on Travolta's face. Oscar-worthy
performances? No! But you will get an explosive cat-and-mouse pursuit of the utmost lethal
ferocity.
I Am Sam (2001) Emotional drama chronicles a mentally disabled father's legal fight to keep
custody of his young daughter after a social worker recommends that the girl be placed in foster
care.
Lorenzo's Oil (1992) Parents seek cure for son's illness in this affecting drama. Sympathetic
performances and richly satisfying resolution raise this above disease-of-the-week teleplays,
appealing to fans of humanistic, emotionally involving drama.
Phenomenon (1996) An ordinary man experiences a mysterious light and becomes capable of
extraordinary mental powers in this uplifting must-see story.
Regarding Henry (1991) Henry (Harrison Ford) is a wealthy and successful lawyer whose life
with his wife (Annette Bening) and daughter seem perfect, but in reality, Henry is cold-hearted
and bitter. But all that changes when he's shot in the head during a robbery and must endure a
slow and grueling recovery. As he relearns even the most basic of tasks such as walking and tying
his shoes, a loving, caring man appears, much to the shock of his family and friends.
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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank
Books
El-Hai, J. (2005). The Lobotomist: A Maverick Medical Genius and his Tragic Quest to Rid the
World of Mental Illness. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
“Jack El-Hai has written an absorbing, unsettling and cautionary story of the man who sold
the lowly ice pick as the surgical solution to the mental illness of tens of thousands of people….
The author, a respected science journalist, started his research assuming that Freeman was akin
to Josef Mengele. He ends this book with a nuanced, haunted view of his subject… With The
Lobotomist, El-Hai gives his readers a first-class biography and, without saying so, a tutorial in the
sober need for professional humility.” (Karen R. Long, Cleveland Plain Dealer)
Firlik, K. (2006). Another Day in the Life of the Frontal Lobe: A Brain Surgeon Exposes Life on
the Inside. NY: Random House.
“It doesn't take a brain surgeon to wonder what it's like to poke around beneath somebody's
cranium. It does take a brain surgeon, however, to explain what makes a person want to drill into
another person's skull. At that Firlik excels in her sometimes grisly, sometimes amusing (in a
dark-humorous way), always informative, personal (father was a surgeon), and professional
("part scientist, part mechanic") story of becoming a neurosurgeon. In many ways she is what
you might expect, but in others she is the rarest of the rare. There are a mere 4,500
neurosurgeons in the U.S., and a scant 5 percent of them are women. While Firlik has had some
of the predictable and standard hassles and worries (what to wear to a job interview?), she has
never had to storm out of a room because of male chauvinism. From a day-in-the-life sketch of
a neurosurgery residency to an astonishing report on a performance-enhancing procedure to
improve brain function, Firlik maintains a highly personal and engaging style.” Donna Chavez
Gazzaniga, M. S. (2005). The Ethical Brain. NY: Dana Press.
"The Ethical Brain is an extraordinary book. Michael Gazzaniga asks profound questions
about life, ethics, the brain, reason, and irrationality. His discussion of these issues—ones that
perplex ethicists, philosophers, and psychologists—is lucid, provocative, and deeply interesting.
This is an important and fascinating book.”—Kay Redfield Jamison, Ph.D., professor of
psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Gazzaniga, M. S. (1999). The New Cognitive Neurosciences. The MIT Press.
“Gazzaniga has arrayed some of the world's leaders in one of the most exciting areas of
neuroscience -- cognitive neuroscience -- and has woven their contributions into a comprehensive and
well-documented, yet accessible and provocative, overview. This book belongs on the shelf of any
reader interested in the brain and behavior." -- Stephen G. Waxman, Chairman, Department of
Neurology, Yale Medical School
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Chapter 2 Cognitive Neuroscience
Koenig, O. & Kosslyn, S. M. (1995). Wet Mind : The New Cognitive Neuroscience.
“In this first comprehensive, integrated, and accessible overview of recent insights into how
the brain gives rise to mental activity, the authors explain the fundamental concepts behind and
the key discoveries that draw on neural network computer models, brain scans, and behavioral
studies. Drawing on this analysis, the authors also present an intriguing theory of consciousness.
In addition, this paperback edition contains an epilogue in which the authors discuss the latest
research on emotion and cognition and present new information on working memory.”
Ramachandran, V. S. (1999). Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind.
“Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to
the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. His
bold insights about the brain are matched only by the stunning simplicity of his experiments -using such low-tech tools as cotton swabs, glasses of water and dime-store mirrors. In Phantoms
in the Brain, Dr. Ramachandran recounts how his work with patients who have bizarre
neurological disorders has shed new light on the deep architecture of the brain, and what these
findings tell us about who we are, how we construct our body image, why we laugh or become
depressed, why we may believe in God, how we make decisions, deceive ourselves and dream,
perhaps even why we're so clever at philosophy, music and art.”
Sacks, O. (1998). The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat: And Other Clinical Tales.
Touchstone Publishers.
“Oliver Sacks's The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat tells the stories of individuals
afflicted with fantastic perceptual and intellectual aberrations: patients who have lost their
memories and with them the greater part of their pasts; who are no longer able to recognize
people and common objects; who are stricken with violent tics and grimaces or who shout
involuntary obscenities; whose limbs have become alien; who have been dismissed as retarded
yet are gifted with uncanny artistic or mathematical talents. If inconceivably strange, these
brilliant tales remain, in Dr. Sacks's splendid and sympathetic telling, deeply human. They are
studies of life struggling against incredible adversity, and they enable us to enter the world of the
neurologically impaired, to imagine with our hearts what it must be to live and feel as they do. A
great healer, Sacks never loses sight of medicine's ultimate responsibility: "the suffering, afflicted,
fighting human subject."
Squire, L. R. & Kosslyn, S. M. (1999). Findings and Current Opinion in Cognitive Neuroscience.
The MIT Press.
“Because researchers come to cognitive neuroscience from a variety of fields, researchers
and students alike find it difficult to ascertain the core literature. This volume, which contains
forty-six review articles from recent issues of Current Opinion in Neurobiology, provides easy access
to the current state of theory and findings in the field. The book is organized into five sections:
Perception and Attention, Neuronal Plasticity and Memory, Cognition, The Organization of
Action, and Development and Structure. The articles contain bibliographies to enable the reader
to pursue individual topics in greater depth.”
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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank
Multiple Choice Test Questions
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
1) The thalamus:
A) relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex
B) controls the limbic system
C) plays an important role in the regulation of eating, drinking, and sexual behavior
D) has been linked to a variety of motivational and emotional behaviors
E) is thought to be critically involved in the formation of memories
2) Wernicke's area of the brain seems to involve:
A) thinking and problem solving
B) control of fine motor movements
C) language comprehension
D) imagery
E) language production
3) By studying the behavior of rats, Karl Lashley discovered that learning was:
A) a function of the number of times a rat ran down a maze and the magnitude of the reward
B) highly dependent on emotions
C) confined to only a few, well-defined neurons
D) independent of the quality of the reward
E) not confined to specific neurons
4) The surface of the brain (if spread out) would measure about:
A) 745 square inches
B) 5690 square inches
C) 1032 square inches
D) 324 square inches
E) 10,000 square inches
5) The fatty substance surrounding large axons is called:
A) axons
B) synapses
C) terminal buttons
D) the ranvier sheath
E) the myelin sheath
6) Visual information connected to the right hemisphere is received from ________.
A) both sides of the retina
B) the right side of the retina
C) right side of the right eye and the left side of the left eye
D) the left side of the retina
E) none of the above
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Chapter 2 Cognitive Neuroscience
7) An axon is:
A) sometimes wrapped in a myelin sheath
B) a carrier of neural signals
C) a long tubular transmitting pathway
D) part of a neuron
E) all of the above
8) Techniques that allow scientists to peer into the human brain include:
A) CT
B) EEG
C) MRI
D) PET
E) all of the above
9) The corpus callosum:
A) is a massive bundle of nerves
B) if cut, "traps" information on either side of the hemispheres
C) connects the right and left hemispheres
D) is sometimes cut to reduce the symptoms of epilepsy
E) all of the above
10) The ________ helps to give the brain a "walnut" appearance.
A) sulci
B) gyri
C) folds
D) fissures
E) all of the above
11) The central nervous system (CNS) consists of:
A) the cerebellum and the brain stem
B) the cerebellum and Broca's Area
C) the corpus callosum and the brain stem
D) the brain and eyes
E) the spinal cord and brain
12) According to Lashley the brain operates:
A) in a compartmentalized manner
B) sequentially
C) independently from the spine
D) holistically
E) faster than some computers
13) A parallel processing model of brain functioning allows for:
A) processing of higher order information and sensory information at the same time
B) the simultaneous processing of information in both hemispheres
C) limbic intervention
D) alternative pathways to be used if part of the pathways are destroyed
E) all of the above
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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank
14) Which of the following is NOT true of chimeric faces?
A) they are always recognized as female when flashed at high speeds
B) they are half man and half woman
C) they are used to reveal the independence of the two hemispheres
D) they are used in studies with split-brain patients
E) they are used in lateralization studies
15) The basic building blocks of the central nervous system (CNS) are:
A) neurons
B) electrons
C) protons
D) phonemes
E) neutrons
16) Cognitive neuroscience is defined as:
A) the study of neutrons and cognitive psychology
B) a discipline that combines cognitive psychology and neuroscience
C) the science that combines imaging technology and cognition
D) a new science that involves neurology and neuropathology
E) the study of neurons, their function, and morphology
17) The junctures between neurons are called:
A) terminal buttons
B) myelin sheath
C) axons
D) nodes
E) synapses
18) What questions can MEG answer?
A) What color is the brain?
B) How big is each part of the brain?
C) Why was the use of a CT scan ineffective?
D) How evolved is the brain?
E) Which part of the brain undertakes different tasks?
19) When we say that "information is processed in the brain contralaterally" we mean that:
A) one hemisphere processes one type of information; the other, another type of information
B) sensory information from one side of the body is initially processed by the opposite cerebral hemisphere
C) left-handed people process sensory information in the opposite cerebral hemisphere that right-handed
people do
D) sensory information is processed in one hemisphere, and motor information is processed in the other
hemisphere
E) all of the above
20) The right hemisphere is primarily responsible for:
A) language and verbal processing
B) spatial processing
C) surrealistic art
D) complex, voluntary movement
E) verbal memory
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Chapter 2 Cognitive Neuroscience
21) Knowledge is thought to:
A) be spread over clusters of neurons
B) be distributed throughout the brain
C) involve tens of thousands of neurons in the parietal lobe
D) be localized to a single neuron
E) exist independent of the brain
22) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used with EEG or MEG to:
A) evaluate cortical activity
B) evaluate the effects of changes in brain activity on perceiving and thinking
C) simulate realistic problem solving experiences
D) simulate strokes to see their effects
E) evaluate whether the EEG or MEG worked
23) There are ________ different types of neurons.
A) 7
B) about 100
C) about 10,000
D) about 1000
E) 3
24) The motor side of the left hemisphere controls:
A) movements below the waist
B) movements on the left side of the body
C) movements for the entire body
D) hand and arm movements on the right side and leg and feet movements on the left side of the body
E) movements on the right side of the body
25) The cerebellum is involved with:
A) eating behavior
B) speech production and speech comprehension
C) planning and coordination of complex motor skills
D) control of motivation and emotional processes
E) basic life support functions such as heart rate, breathing and blood pressure
26) The four stages in conducting an experiment using PET scans (Peterson et al., 1988) includes all but:
A) a resting stage
B) the spelling of the word
C) the appearance of a word on a screen
D) the production of each word
E) the reading of the word by the research participant
27) Cognitive neuroscience originated in the 1970s by:
A) William James
B) Michael Gazzaniga
C) George Miller
D) James Watson
E) Endel Tulving
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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank
28) The left hemisphere is primarily responsible for:
A) spatial processing
B) tactile recognition
C) music and nonverbal memory
D) face processing
E) language and verbal processing
29) Commissurotomized patients were studied by:
A) Paul Broca
B) Steven Petersen
C) Roger Sperry
D) Rumelhart and McClelland
E) Karl Lashley
30) At the synapse neurotransmission is achieved by means of:
A) electrical signals which arc across the synapse
B) a chemical neurotransmitter which changes the polarity of the receiving dendrite
C) a partial reduction of the carbon 12 between neurons
D) a direct physical link between neurons
E) a change in the organic composition of the axon
31) In humans, the motor cortex:
A) is not ipsilateral
B) is divided equally in all areas devoted to motor sensory activities
C) has more area devoted to hand movement
D) is located below the visual cortex
E) has less area devoted to tongue movement
32) How is MEG different from other neurological sensing techniques?
A) MEG provides the most accurate resolution of nerve cell activity
B) MEG is much more expensive to use
C) MEG is much less expensive to use
D) MEG is no different from the other techniques
E) MEG is very simple to use
33) Some estimates of the number of neurons in the human brain place the number at more than:
A) 1 trillion
B) 100,000
C) 1 billion
D) 100 billion
E) 10 million
34) What Egyptologist identified the hieroglyphic character for the brain?
A) Edwin Smith
B) Donald Hebb
C) James Breasted
D) King Tut
E) Pierre Flourens
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Chapter 2 Cognitive Neuroscience
35) The ________ gather(s) neural impulses from other neurons.
A) synapses
B) the myelin sheath
C) neurotransmitters
D) axon
E) dendrites
36) How many different chemical substances are known or suspected to function as neurotransmitters?
A) 46
B) 60
C) 16
D) 26
E) 6
37) It is now possible with MRI and fMRI, to capture images in as little as:
A) 30 seconds
B) 60 seconds
C) 60 milliseconds
D) 30 milliseconds
E) 3 minutes
38) The pituitary gland is:
A) the master gland of the endocrine system
B) coordinates muscle movement
C) relays information between the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum
D) regulates temperature
E) controls thinking and sensing
39) Support for the notion that the nervous system is made up of discrete elements, or neurons, was found
by:
A) Wernicke & Broca
B) Lashley
C) Solso & Short
D) Newell & Simon
E) Ramon y Cajal
40) Two general classes of neurotransmitters have been identified. They are:
A) emotional and non-.emotional types
B) organic and inorganic types
C) inhibitory and excitatory types
D) active and inert types
E) Alpha and Beta types
41) The areas of the brain related to functions such as sensory feelings, motor function, and vision are:
A) irrelevant to cognitive neuroscience
B) constantly changing
C) subject to personal opinion
D) generally agreed upon by scientists
E) unable to be accurately studied
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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank
42) Studies on commissurotomized patients indicate that the left side of the brain is involved in all but which
of the following cognitive process:
A) conceptualization
B) spatial tasks
C) language
D) analysis
E) classification
43) Electroencephalograph (EEG) records electrical signals from the brain via electrodes placed on the:
A) face
B) ear lobes
C) wrists
D) scalp
E) neck
44) Each cubic inch of the human cortex contains:
A) about 10,000 miles of nerve fibers
B) about 10 miles of nerve fibers
C) about 100 yards of nerve fibers
D) about 10 meters of nerve fibers
E) about 100 miles of nerve fibers
45) The current view of the localization vs. holistic theory of the brain is that:
A) it is presently impossible to make an intelligent conclusion as there are vast individual differences in the
way brains function
B) no single function is isolated
C) the brain is divided into well-defined areas which carry out specific functions
D) some mental attributes are localized but many functions are distributed
E) none of the above
46) According to Corballis (1989):
A) the evolution of hemisphere specialization may be associated with the ability to create new associations
B) humans evolved left-hemisphere mechanisms for language
C) humans evolved right-handedness in the use of tools
D) language use began 2 to 3 millions years ago
E) all of the above
47) Neuronal firing can be measured using:
A) transitory potentials
B) event-related potential recordings
C) impulse monitors
D) they cannot be measured accurately
E) chromic electrode implants
48) The speed of neurotransmission along the axon is:
A) slow for large neurons and fast for small neurons
B) related to the strength the impulse
C) a good measure of human intelligence
D) related to the size of the neuron
E) unmeasurable
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Chapter 2 Cognitive Neuroscience
49) Studies on commissurotomized patients indicate that the right side of the brain is involved in:
A) speech analysis
B) face recognition
C) spelling
D) performing mathematics
E) all of the above
50) Damage to the brain:
A) leads to a decrease of abilities in the case of motor performance
B) is always more handicapping when it occurs at an early age
C) does not always lead to a diminution of functions
D) is always devastating to speech if in the left hemisphere
E) always leads to a decrease in abilities
51) One of the earliest scientists to recognize that some brain functions operated in parallel was:
A) Newell
B) Broca
C) Lashley
D) Wernicke
E) McClelland
52) Within the hindbrain, basic life support functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure are
associated with:
A) the hippocampus
B) the cerebellum
C) the reticular formation
D) the thalamus
E) the medulla
53) Which of the following is not a region of the neuron?
A) the receptor
B) the dendrites
C) presynaptic terminals
D) the axon
E) all of the above are regions of a neuron
54) Phrenologists believed that bumps on the head represented areas pertaining to:
A) memory loss
B) personal character, aptitude, and emotions
C) an individual's astrological sign
D) tumors
E) advanced brain activity
55) The earliest writings of the brain may be traced to:
A) the Middle Ages
B) the ancient Polynesians
C) the Han Dynasty of China
D) the ancient Greeks
E) the ancient Egyptians
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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank
56) A perceptron is:
A) the smallest unit of a neuron
B) a noninvasive scanning technique
C) neuronet architectures
D) a microchip used for artificial vision
E) a chess playing computer
57) The cerebral cortex is:
A) gray
B) about 1.5 to 5 millimeters thick
C) divided into two hemispheres
D) in the forebrain
E) all of the above
58) PET scans of experienced computer game players shows that their brains:
A) use more energy than a novice
B) use less energy in the left hemisphere than a novice
C) use more energy than a novice in certain areas, but about the same in others
D) use about the same amount of energy as a novice
E) use less energy than a novice
59) CT scans:
A) are similar to PET scans in that they both use radioactive particles introduced into the blood stream
B) are another term for PET scans
C) are different from PET scans because CAT scans use x-rays
D) emit less x-rays than PET scans
E) none of the above
60) The idea of "localization" as applied to the brain suggests that:
A) the brain operates like a government bureau
B) some functions (e.g., language processing) are associated with specific areas
C) blood flow is concentrated in a few places when thinking takes place
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
61) The reasons psychologists use information from the neurosciences include:
A) the need to find physical evidence for theories of the mind
B) the work of computer scientists who are attempting to simulate human cognition
C) the need to find correlates between brain pathology and behavior
D) the development of techniques (e.g., CAT scans) which allows for a better look at the brain
E) all of the above
62) The theory of mass action holds that:
A) learning is more effective if done in groups
B) learning and memory are subject to variations in blood flow
C) memories seem to be distributed throughout the brain
D) learning is confined to a local region of the brain
E) memories are located in clusters based on their associations with other memories
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Chapter 2 Cognitive Neuroscience
63) If part of the pathways in the brain are destroyed:
A) the system breaks down
B) motor functions break down, but speech is usually spared
C) vision is usually the first attribute to show a deficit
D) alternative pathways take over some functions
E) they are usually able to grow back
64) The four major lobes of each cerebral hemisphere are:
A) frontal, posterior, anterior, and occipital
B) sensory, motor, visual, and associative
C) frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital
D) temporal, frontal, anterior, and somasthetic
E) parietal, language, motor, and occipital
65) "Mind" in the context of cognitive psychology is:
A) the actions that occur within the brain
B) the mental aspect of the soul
C) nonexistent
D) a PDP system
E) the same as the brain
66) What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
A) Nerves that lie outside the spinal chord and brain
B) The spinal chord and brain
C) Skin and skeletal system
D) Heart and lungs
67) In Lashley's classic work on the brain it was discovered if specific parts of the brains of rats were
destroyed then maze running performance:
A) was enhanced
B) was not possible
C) was unaffected
D) declined according to the total amount of the brain destroyed
E) declined at first, but then improved
68) Much of the early information on brain functions came from:
A) the work of Mary Shelley
B) veterinarians
C) the study of head trauma
D) lobotomized patients
E) the dissection of monkey brains
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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank
Essay Test Questions
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
1) What ecological advantage would exist for the division of the retinal image into separate visual
fields and separate cerebral hemispheres?
2) Sketch and label the neuron.
3) Trace the history of the mind/body issue. Cite both philosophic and physiological sources.
4) Discuss the "two hemispheres - two functions" proposition. What support has been gathered in
this area?
5) Given the results of Haier's PET study of game playing, how can the consumption of oxygen and
blood in the brain still be used as an indicator of cognitive processes?
6) Many lateralization studies select right-handed males. Why would this be so? Should a psychology
of hemispherical specialization be based on right-handed males?
7) Identify and discuss neurophysiological monitoring techniques.
8) Recount the development of the localization of the brain to the concept of mass action. Be sure
to identify the principle characters in this debate.
9) How have recent discoveries in brain sciences helped cognitive psychology understand more
about the human mind?
10) How does cognitive psychology fit into the investigation of the brain?
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Chapter 2 Cognitive Neuroscience
Multiple Choice Answers
1) A
2) C
3) E
4) D
5) E
6) B
7) E
8) E
9) E
10) E
11) E
12) D
13) D
14) A
15) A
16) B
17) E
18) E
19) B
20) B
21) B
22) B
23) D
24) E
25) C
26) B
27) B
28) E
29) C
30) B
31) C
32) A
33) D
34) C
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E
B
D
A
E
C
D
B
D
A
D
E
B
D
B
C
D
E
A
B
E
C
E
E
C
B
E
C
D
C
A
A
D
C
Instructor's Manual and Test Bank
Essay Answers (Key Points)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
o Laterality developed 2-3 million years ago and set the stage for the development of more
complex functions
o Corballis-evolution of hemisphere specialization may be associated with flexibility of thought
o See figure in book
o
o
o
o
o
o
Physical world
Mental world
Distinction between mind and body is obvious but so is their interaction
Mind-things done by the brain
Physical world → laws and objects → brain → body
Psychological world → laws and thoughts → cognition → mind
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Called contralaterality
Tumors and excision in one hemisphere or the other produced different effects on behavior
Severed corpus callosum demonstrated functional asymmetry
Split brain research-Roger Sperry
Visual field, optic chiasm, opposite hemisphere
Cognitive studies with intact subjects-use of chimeric faces
See table in book for a summary of left and right hemisphere functions
o Learning seems to be a function of greater efficiency not greater effort
o Males tend to show more clear distinctions of lateralization and thus are easier to study
o Various opinions will be expressed regarding whether the research should be solely based on
right-handed males
7)
8)
o
o
o
o
PET
CT
MRI
EEG
o
o
o
o
o
Some functions are localized to specific areas of the brain
Phrenologists claimed to locate many attributes to certain areas of the head/brain
Pierre Flourens thought this was nonsense and studied the effects of surgery on behavior
Motor and sensory functions are not localized to specific regions-but also distributed
Higher-order cognitive processes are distributed throughout the brain
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Chapter 2 Cognitive Neuroscience
9)
10)
o Development of sophisticated equipment
o Increased understanding of brain pathology and effects on behavior
o Neural network approaches
o Efforts to understand the human mind better
o Aids in models of human information processing
o Knowledge of brain structures and functioning (i.e., neural networks) aids in cognitive
psychology's model building
35