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Overview Two major divisions: _____nervous system and _____ nervous system CNS – _____ and spinal cord; located in _____ cavity Spinal cord – conducts sensory info from the _____NS to the _____; conducts motor info from the brain to effectors (muscles and glands); _____ center Neurons (4:43) Overview Brain – receives input from the _____ _____ as well as from its own nerves; central processing center White matter – bundles of axons covered with _____ (myelin gives it ________ appearance); found in brain and cord Gray matter – masses of dendrites and cell bodies; not covered with _____ so it appears _______ Three meninges – _____, _____, and _____ maters; CSF in between arachnoid and pia Blood-Brain Barrier Tight _____ junctions between endothelial cells of brain capillaries Maintains brain _____. The brain must be kept isolated from any changes in the _____, particularly after meals or exercise. Allows essential molecules (like _____ and glucose) to pass from the _____ to the CNS but blocks more massive molecules like hormones and neurotransmitters Blood-Brain Barrier Also prevents most _____ from infiltrating the CNS _____ cells such as lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils cannot penetrate this barrier. Why is this a concern? Prevents full-blown _____ response in the CNS (bad for delicate neural tissue) Creates challenges for scientists as they develop CNS _____ and chemotherapies. Why? Many of these meds require intrathecal administration, rather than vascular injection or taking a pill BBB BBB animation (1:58) Challenges of the BBB (4:53) BBB crossed for the first time! (3:25) Computer-generated Image of the BBB Cerebrospinal Fluid Produced in masses of special _____ called choroid plexuses; 99% H2O Five primary functions: Buoyancy for the brain, c_____, chemical stability, f_____ system, clears out _____ (esp. when we sleep) Located between the _____ and _____ maters Flows uninterrupted through the CNS through the cerebrospinal canal of the spinal cord to the _____ in the _____ then exits CNS through veins draining the brain Constant _____ must be maintained The total volume of CSF in an adult is about _____ ml. CSF is produced at a rate of 600-700 ml per day The Brainstem Three parts: medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain Medulla controls _____ functions like breathing, heartbeat, and blood _____; reflex center Pons is the relay station between the _____ and the rest of the CNS; may play a role in _____; works with medulla to regulate _____ rate Why do we dream? (6:30) Midbrain acts as a relay station between _____ and spinal cord or cerebellum; also controls sensory processes The Brain Cerebellum – “little brain”; c_____, equilibrium and b_____; muscle tone; only 10% of brain but contains more _____ than the rest of the brain combined; _____ working part of the brain; capable of making _____ based on previous experiences; enables rest of brain to work more _____ because it can carry out tasks _____ without conscious thought (speech) The Brain Cerebrum – “brain”; only part of the brain involved in consciousness; largest part; divided into two _____; superficial layer called the _____, which is highly folded (increases _____ _____); neocortex (higher intelligence – found only in _____); contains four distinct areas called _____ The Brain Hypothalamus – maintains ____; center for _____, thirst, emotions, body _____, _____ rhythms; connected to autonomic NS; controls the _____ gland (endocrine system) Thalamus – sensory and _____ functions; last relay site before info reaches the _____; organizes info and sends it to appropriate areas of the _____ Human Biological Clock (Circadian Rhythms) Sleep Patterns (Monitored by Josie Harrington’s phone while she slept) The Brain Cerebrum Corpus Callosum Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebellum Medulla Oblongata Spinal Cord Pituitary The Brain system – includes portions of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum Limbic Amygdala – memory, emotions, fear Hippocampus – memory and learning; converts _____-_____ memories into _____-_____; associates sensory experiences (like smells) to _____; spatial relationships Limbic System Man with no memory (3:05) World memory champion - Part 1 (4:58) World memory champion - Part 2 (5:34) The Spinal Cord Extension of the _____ Ends between L1 and L2 Spinal taps ALWAYS done below _____ Conducts impulses between periphery and _____ Central canal (extension of brain ventricles) that contains _____ Covered by the three _____ Ascending and descending nerve tracts Reflexes and the Reflex Arc Reflexes are r____, p____, and in____ responses to stimuli. Involve as few synapses as possible – Why? What organ is missing from a typical reflex arc? Why do we feel pain after we’ve reacted? Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic NS – controls _____ movement; acetylcholine is primary _____; includes all the neurons connected with _____ muscles, skin, and sense organs Autonomic NS – controls _____ movement; unconscious processes; maintains _____; 2 divisions: _____ and _____ Autonomic NS Sympathetic division – “_____-or-_____” response; energy generation; inhibits digestion; diverts blood from _____ system and skin to _____ tissue and _____; dilates breathing passages; increases _____ _____; dilates _____ (increased light); norepinephrine, aka, adrenaline Fight-or-Flight (6:35) Autonomic NS Parasympathetic division – “_____ and _____”; increases blood flow to _____ system; promotes digestion and absorption; constricts _____ _____; slows _____ _____; acetylcholine Intro to Neuroglia (Glia) Neuroglia literally means “_____ _____”. They’re the supporting cast for the neurons Their four main functions are: To surround neurons and _____ them in place To supply _____ and O2 to neurons To _____ one neuron from another To destroy _____ and remove _____ neurons Each type has its own specialized _____ & _____ Because glial cells _____ and neurons generally don’t, most brain _____ are gliomas. There are two in the PNS and four in the CNS. PNS Neuroglia (Glia) Schwann cells – named after Theodor _____; form the insulative _____ _____ around axons (like the covering around electrical wires); enable quick _____ of electrical _____ within an _____; outer layer called the _____ (protective & regenerative layer of Schwann) PNS Neuroglia (Glia) Satellite cells – _____, cushioning cells; appear to be involved in the regulation of _____; connect neurons with blood _____, which means? It appears that they’re _____ cells that carry out a wide variety of _____; still much to be _____ about them CNS Neuroglia (Glia) Microglial cells – _____-_____crew; phagocytic; activated after _____ or disease and remove damaged cells or kill invading _____; derived from blood _____ _____ Microglial cell (green) and astrocyte (red) after injury to a capillary. The microglial cell extensions surround the injured area – Why? What’s it doing? CNS Neuroglia (Glia) Astrocytes – they’re the CNS equivalent to satellite cells in the PNS, which means . . . Integral part of the _____-_____ barrier Most abundant cell in the brain CNS Neuroglia (Glia) Ependymocytes – line cavities (_____) within the CNS; assist in production and circulation of _____ with the help of hairlike cellular extensions called _____ CNS Neuroglia (Glia) Oligodendrocytes – like Schwann cells, form the _____ _____ around axons As many as 50 axons! (Schwann cells: only one) Glial cell review (8:00) Oligodendrocyte supplying myelin for numerous axons Nodes of Ranvier Nodes of Ranvier – gaps between Schwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS) that increase the conduction of an _____ down an _____; allow impulse to “_____” down the axon (saltatory conduction) Because the axonal membrane is exposed at the node, nutrients and wastes are able to enter and exit the _____. The Synapse Vesicles (purple spheres) are filled with _____. At the synapse, the vesicles fuse with the neuron’s cell _____ and release their _____, which are then picked up by _____ receptors on the receiving neuron’s cell _____.