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Intro to Psychology The Brain 1 Chapter 3 The Brain I. Brain Circuits A. Structural Components 1. Neurons a. 3 functions of neurons 1. sensory neurons – receive information from environment 2. motor neurons – send information from brain to parts of body 3. interneurons – intermediaries between motor and sensory neurons; receive and send information b. parts of the neuron (diagram p. 48) c. glial cells – hold neurons in place; care and feeding of neurons Intro to Psychology The Brain 2 B. The Nerve Impulse 1. electrochemical 2. resting potential – neuron at rest; -70 millivolts 3. threshold – the point when neuron can fire 4. action potential – charge moves down axon; terminal buttons release chemical signal 5. refractory phase absolute relative 6. all-or-none law - either action potential occurs or it doesn’t 7. Ion Flow a. threshold is reached b. ion channels open c. positively charged sodium enters the neuron (-K) d. neuron depolarizes, going from a neg. to pos. valence e. when action potential completed, the Na+ is pumped out and K- returns f. repolarization to neg. 8. myelin – fatty substance that speeds transmission of impulse Intro to Psychology The Brain 3 C. Neurotransmitters 1. The synapse – place where an axon of one neuron meets the dendrite or cell body of another neuron 2. synaptic cleft – the gap between the axon on one neuron and the membrane of another, across which communication occurs See Fig. 2.5 p. 50 3. Types a. excitatory b. inhibitory 4. best known a. acetylcholine (Ach) – memory b. dopamine (DA) – movement, attention, learning c. serotonin (5-HT) – sleep, arousal, mood, appetite, sensitivity to pain d. histamines – vasoconstriction and dilation 5. neuromodulators opiod peptides endorphins Intro to Psychology The Brain 4 6. receptor – site where a messenger molecule attaches itself; lock and key 7. reuptake – process by which surplus neurotransmitter is reabsorbed back into the sending neuron so that the neuron can fire again 8. agonist – chemical that mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter; may prevent reuptake 9. antagonist – chemical that blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter; block a receptor or enhance reuptake II. The Nervous System Diagram Fig. 2.8 p. 55 A. Spinal Cord – flexible rope of nerves that runs inside the backbone B. Central Nervous System (CNS) 1. brain 2. spinal cord 3. reflex – an automatic response to an event Intro to Psychology The Brain 5 C. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) links the CNS to the organs of the body 2 parts: 1. autonomic nervous system (ANS) - controls the smooth muscles, some glands, and selfregulating systems (i.e. digestion, circulation) 2 parts: a. sympathetic nervous system 1. fight or flight; increases in a. heartrate b. respiration c. sweating d. salivation e. dilating pupils f. decreases digestion b. parasympathetic nervous system – reverses effects of sympathetic nervous system 2. somatic system – voluntary movements 3. Intro to Psychology The Brain III. The Brain A. Hindbrain 1. medulla oblongata a. heart rate b. breathing c. swallowing d. digestion 2. pons a. signals between parts b. reticular activating system 3. cerebellum a. coordination b. balance c. muscle tone B. Midbrain 1. reticular activating system a. regulates consciousness b. heart rate c. breathing 2. superior colliculi a. vision 3. inferior colliculi a. hearing C. Forebrain 1. Limbic system a. Includes: 6 Intro to Psychology The Brain 7 1. hippocampus – memory formation 2. amygdala – anger and aggression 3. septum – anger and fear b. learning c. motivation d. emotions (inhibition) 4. thalamus a. receives sensory information and projects to other parts of the brain b. sleep and waking 5. hypothalamus a. controls endocrine system b. ANS c. internal temperature d. fight e. flight f. feeding g. mating D. Cerebral Cortex 1. gray matter 2. convolutions 3. hemispheric specialization a. “split-brain” research b. corpus callosum Intro to Psychology The Brain c. left brain 1. language 2. speech 3. writing 4. calculation 5. time sense 6. rhythm 7. ordering of complex movements d. right brain 1. nonverbal 2. perceptual abilities 3. visualization 4. recognition of patterns, faces, and melodies 5. recognition and expression of emotion 6. spatial skills 7. simple language comprehension 4. Lobes of the cerebral cortex a. frontal 1. primary motor cortex 2. planning, control related to movement 8 Intro to Psychology The Brain 9 b. parietal 1. somatosensory area 2. touch 3. temperature 4. pressure 5. other body sensations c. temporal 1. auditory area 2. left temporal area – language d. occipital 1. visual area E. Brain injury 1. Neglect – nonattention to opposite visual field 2. Aphasia – impaired ability to use language a. Broca’s area damage 1. left frontal lobe 2. can read and understand speech 3. difficulty speaking and writing 4. expressive aphasia b. Wernicke’s area damage 1. left temporal lobe Intro to Psychology The Brain 10 2. can speak, but not understand 3. receptive aphasia 4. agnosia – “mindblindness”; inability to recognize objects facial agnosia – inability to recognize faces IV. The Endocrine System A. Hormones – chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands B. Pituitary gland 1. “master” gland 2. regulates growth growth hormone Intro to Psychology The Brain 11 C. Thyroid gland 1. regulates metabolism 2. overactive a. thin b. tense c. excitable d. nervous 3. underactive a. inactivity b. sleepiness c. slowness d. overweight C. Adrenal glands 1. located on top of kidneys 2. produce adrenaline and noradrenaline 3. sexual development V. Brain Scans A. Angiogram 1. enhanced x-rays 2. assess vascular disease B. Computerized axial tomogram (CAT) 1. 3 dimensional x-ray 2. cross-sections of brain Intro to Psychology The Brain 12 C. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1. clearer and more detailed than CAT 2. uses magnetic field to analyze particle reactions in blood and tissue D. Positron emission tomography (PET) 1. radioactive glucose used 2. glucose absorption rates analyzed E. Electroencephalograph (EEG) – records electrical current produced by brain