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Nervous System Sports Training and Physiology Kociuba http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp? lic=1&article_set=59295&cat_id=20607 Nervous System - Objectives • Label and name the parts of the NS – the divisions of the NS • Explain what a neuron looks like and the types you have in your body • Describe the functions of the NS Nervous System – Objectives 2 • Name the 4 major parts of the brain • Describe the function of the 4 parts of the brain • Explain how the major parts of the brain are broken into smaller parts and their functions • Describe what happens as people age Part 1 of the N.S. • Central Nervous System (CNS) – Brain • Located in the skull – Spinal Cord • Located in the vertebral canal • Broken into 5 regions – – – – – Cervical (Head, neck, shoulder, and upper limb movement) Thoracic (Rib and hip movement, Posture) Lumbar (Hip and lower limb movement) Sacral (Lower limb movement) Coccygeal (tailbone) Part 2 of the N. S. • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – External to the CNS – Divided into 2 parts • Sensory or Afferent division • Motor or Efferent division (divided into 2 parts) – Somatic motor nervous system – Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Cells of the Nervous System • Neurons (primary cells) – Consist of a cell body and two types of processes • Dendrites: Short, often highly branched cytoplasmic extensions that are tapered from their bases at the neuron cell body to their tips • Axons: long cell process extending from the neuron cell body • Glial Cells or Neuroglia (secondary cells) Structural Classifiaction of Neurons • Multi-polar Neuron – many dendrites and an axon • Bi-polar Neuron – a dendrite and an axon • Uni-polar Neuron – an axon and no dendrites Ways the Cells get information • Cells either gain their information by: – Secreting chemicals to the body and brain – Create and send electrical impulses to get information to the body and the brain The Brain AKA: the control center of the body The Brain and It’s Parts… • The control center for many of the body’s functions • Parts – Brainstem – Cerebellum – Diencephalon – Cerebrum • Connective tissue membranes Brain Stem • Consists of – Medulla oblongata – Pons – Midbrain • Connects the spinal cord and cerebellum to the remainder of the brain • 10-12 pairs of cranial nerves arise from it Cerebellum and Diencephalon • Attached to the posterior brainstem • The word means “little brain” • Divided into: – Anterior lobe – Posterior lobe • Located between the brainstem and cerebrum • Main components – Thalamus • emotions – Subthalamus • Motor functions – Epithalamus • Sense of smell • Sleep-wake cycle – Hypothalamus • ANS • Endocrine and Lymbic • Basic body functions Cerebrum • What most people think of when they think of the brain • Accounts for the largest portion of total brain weight • Divided into right and left hemispheres by a longitudinal fissure • Each hemisphere is divided into lobes – – – – Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid • Meninges are connective tissues that surround and protect things • The ventricles hold the Cerebrospinal Fluid • Cerebrospinal Fluid fills the ventricles, the space around the brain and is found in the spinal cord Functions of the Nervous System • Sensory Input – Sensory receptors monitor external and internal stimuli • Integration – The brain and spinal cord process input and either respond, store, or ignore the input Functions of the Nervous System • Control of Muscles and Glands – Controls the major movements of the body (skeletal muscle) as well as cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands • Homeostasis – Stimulates or inhibits the activities of other systems to help maintain a constant internal environment Functions of the Nervous System • Mental Activity – The brain is the center of this function – It is the center of all activities • Consciousness • Thinking • Memory • Emotions NS and the Skin • Regulates body temperature by controlling sweat glands and blood vessels • The skin hold receptors for heat, cold, temp, pain, pressure and vibration so that the NS can regulate what happens to the skin NS and the: • Bones – The NS makes one aware of pain when a bone is broken making it less likely for us to move the part. – The bones support and protect the NS • Muscles – Stimulates muscle contractions • Voluntary • Involuntary – Maintains muscle tone – Sensory receptors in the muscles tell the body where it is NS and the: • Endocrine System • Controls the release of hormones – These hormones in turn affect neuron growth and metabolism • Lymphatic System • Stimulates and Inhibits immunity in ways that are not well understood NS and the: • Cardiovascular • Respiratory System System • Regulates depth and • Regulates heart rate rate in which we and force of breathe contraction • Changes blood vessel diameter NS and the Digestive System • Regulates secretion from the digestive glands • Regulates secretion from the digestive organs • Controls the mixing and movement of the digestive tract Aging and the Nervous System • As people age: – The size and weight of the brain decreases – The senses gradually decline because the number of neurons in this area declines – The functions of all other neurons decreases because the number of neurons decline as well – CNS processing decreases • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJfESattZOY