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Transcript
341770_ch_02_058 58 5/28/02 8:35 AM Page 58 mac117 mac117:1252_AS: Chapter 2 Biological Foundations of Behavior when a gust of wind sent particles of debris hurtling toward your eyeballs. By saving the many milliseconds it would take to send a message to your brain, have it interpreted, and have a command sent back along the spinal highway to motor neurons, spinal reflexes can spell the difference between a minor injury and a serious one. The Brain: Your Crowning Glory Concept 2.16 The brain is divided into three major parts: the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain. We begin our tour of the brain at the lowest level, the hindbrain — the part of the brain where the spinal cord enters the skull and widens. We then work our way upward, first to the midbrain, which lies above the hindbrain, and then to the forebrain, which lies in the highest part of the brain. Concept Chart 2.3 shows these major brain structures. The Hindbrain The lowest part of the brain, the hindbrain, is also the oldest part in evolutionary terms. The hindbrain includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. These structures control such basic life-support functions as breathing and heart rate. The medulla and pons contain sensory neurons that transmit information from the spinal cord to the forebrain. The medulla is the section of the hindbrain that lies closest to the spinal cord. It forms the marrow, or core, of the brainstem, CONCEPT CHART 2.3 Major Structures of the Human Brain Forebrain Cerebral Cortex Higher mental functions including thinking, language, learning, memory, emotions, and control of voluntary movement Hindbrain Pons Conveying sensory information from the spinal cord to the forebrain; regulation of states of wakefulness and sleep Corpus Callosum Bundle of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres Thalamus Relay station for sorting and integrating sensory input; regulation of sleep-wake cycles Limbic System Emotional processing, motivated behavior, and learning and memory functioning; consists of amygdala, hippocampus, parts of the hypothalamus and thalamus, and nearby structures Basal Ganglia Regulation of movement and coordination Cerebellum Regulation of balance and coordination Midbrain Reticular Formation Regulation of attentional processes and states of alertness and arousal Spinal cord Medulla Conveying sensory information from the spinal cord to the forebrain; control of basic bodily processes including heart rate and breathing and certain reflexes
