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+ Unit 8: Physiology Control Systems of the Body: The Nervous & Endocrine Systems + Unit 8: Physiology Left Side Pg Right Side Pg Unit Page 48 Table of Contents 49 Neuron/Synapse 50 C.N. – Control Systems 51 Homeostasis 52 Section 35-2 53 Flow Map: I Blood Glucose 54 Flow Map: Leptin & Humger 55 + Nervous System Overview Ultimate systems. control of all organ Responsible for communication between parts of the body and interactions with the environment STRUCTURES: brain, spinal cord, & peripheral nerves + Neurons Neurons: nerve cells that carry electrical impulses through the body Impulse = message + TYPES OF NEURONS 1. SENSORY NEURONreceives info from senses (stimuli) 2. INTERNEURONprocesses info (in brain & spinal cord) 3. MOTOR NEURON- sends impulse to effector (muscle or gland) + Reflex Arc The impulse travels up sensory neurons, to the spinal cord (interneuron), then immediately travels down motor neurons for a response. The pathway the impulse travels is called the reflex arc + Reflex Arc • Receptor (sense organ) sensory neuron spinal cord motor neuron effector (muscle) + Reflex Arc Sensory Neuron Interneuron Motor Neuron + Structure of a Neuron Nucleus Dendrites Axon terminals Cell body Myelin sheath Nodes Axon + Dendrites: receive impulses + Cell body: contains nucleus & cytoplasm + Myelin Sheath: covers the axon; sends the impulse faster + Axon: transmit impulses away from cell body + Nodes: gaps where impulses jump from one node to the next + Axon terminals: transmits impulse (message) to next cell + Action Potential An impulse begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the environment. Gates in the sodium channels open allowing positively charged sodium (Na+) ions to flow into the cell. + This reversal of charges is called the nerve impulse or ACTION POTENTIAL Gates in the potassium channels open, allowing potassium (K+) ions to flow OUT of the cell. This restores the negative potential + The action potential continues to move along the axon in one direction toward the axon terminals. 1. At Rest ------------2. Action Potential ++---------3. ----++----4. ---------++- + Synapse Synapse: at the end of the axon terminal where a neuron can transfer an impulse to another neuron. The small space between the two neurons is called the Synaptic Cleft Neurotransmitters: chemical signals that transmit an impulse across the synapse to another cell + Homeostasis Homeostasis: The relative maintenance of the body’s internal environment All systems of the body contribute toward maintaining homeostasis The Endocrine System (hormones) works in conjunction with the Nervous System to maintain homeostasis + Endocrine System Overview Maintenance of internal homeostasis ( the internal environment in the body) Regulation organism. Made of growth and development of an up of GLANDS that release hormones into the bloodstream Hormones: chemical "messengers" that control body functions + Major Glands of the Endocrine System + Pituitary Gland Communicates with the hypothalamus to control many body activities (Master Gland) Produces & secretes NINE hormones that affects other glands and organs Hormones of the Pituitary Human Growth Hormone (HGH)controls growth and height Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH) / Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – control gonads (development of sperm and eggs/release of sperm and eggs) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)controls the thyroid (metabolism) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)stimulates growth of the adrenal gland (stress hormones) Pancreas The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon needed for cells to absorb sugar from the blood Insulin – metabolizes sugar Glucagon – maintains blood level of glucose + One Negative Feedback Loop hormone causes the opposite effect of another hormone. Both are used to maintain homeostasis Examples: Insulin & Glucagon Leptin + Negative Feedback Loop Involving the Pancreas STEP 1: The pancreas releases insulin when there is too much sugar in the blood. STEP 2: Insulin stimulates the liver to remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen. STEP 3: When there is not enough sugar in the blood, the pancreas releases glucagon. STEP 4: Glucagon signals the liver to release glucose back into the blood + + Negative Feedback Loop Involving Leptin STEP 1: Fat cells produce leptin when they are filled. STEP 2: Leptin is transported in the blood to the brain where it helps to suppress a person appetite. STEP 3: When the fat is used, the amount of leptin decreases, which causes the brain to start to feel hunger again Individuals without the gene to produce Leptin