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Pages 53-93 Objective 1: Explain why psychologists are concerned with human biology, and describe the ill-fated phrenology theory Phrenology: Biological Psychology Neural Communication Objective 2: Explain how viewing each person as a biopsychosocial system helps us understand human behavior, and discuss why researchers study other animals in search of clues to human neural processes. Neurons Objective 3: Describe the parts of a neuron, and explain how its impulses are generated Neuron: o Parts of a Neuron Cell Body Dendrites: Axon: Myelin Sheath: Nodes of Ranvier: Axon Terminals: o Action Potential Selectively permeable: Ions: Stimulus Threshold All-or-None-Law Refractory Period How Neurons Communicate Objective 4: Describe how nerve cells communicate Synapse Neurotransmitters: (See chart) How Neurotransmitters Influence Us Objective 5: Explain how neurotransmitters affect behavior, and outline the effects of acetylcholine and the endorphins Acetylcholine (Ach): Endorphins How Drugs and Other Chemicals Alter Neurotransmission Objective 6: Explain how drugs and other chemicals affect neurotransmission, and describe the contrasting effects of agonists and antagonists What happens when the brain is flooded with drugs such as heroin and morphine? Agonists Antagonists The Nervous System Objective 7: Describe the nervous system’s two major divisions, and identify the three types of neurons that transmit information through the system 3 Types of Neurons o Sensory Neurons: o Motor Neurons: o Interneurons The Peripheral Nervous System Objective 8: Identify the subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system, and describe their functions The Central Nervous System Objective 9: Contrast the simplicity of the reflex pathways with the complexity of neural networks. Spinal Cord: Reflexes: The Endocrine System Objective 10: Describe the nature and functions of the endocrine system and its interaction with the nervous system Hormones: Hormones are to the endocrine system as _____________ are to the ____________ __________________. The endocrine system is faster / slower than the nervous system. (circle the correct answer) Adrenal glands: Pituitary gland: The Brain The Tools of Discovery Objective 11: Describe several techniques for studying the brain Clinical Observation Manipulating the Brain Recording the Brain’s Electrical Activity Electroencephalogram (EEG): Neuroimaging Techniques Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): Older Brain Structures Objective 12: Describe the components of the brainstem, and summarize the functions of the brainstem, thalamus, and cerebellum The Brainstem Brainstem o Medulla: o Pons: Reticular Formation (Reticular Activating System: RAS): Thalamus: Cerebellum (Latin for ): The Limbic System Objective 13: Describe the structures and functions of the limbic system, and explain how one of these structures controls the pituitary gland. Limbic System o Amygdala: o Hypothalamus: “Hypo” means________________ “Reward” centers Lateral Hypothalamus: Ventromedial Hypothalamus: o Hippocampus: The Cerebral Cortex Objective 14: Define cerebral cortex, and explain its importance for the human brain. Cerebral Cortex: “Cortex” means ______________ Structure of the Cortex Objective 15: Identify the four lobes of the cerebral cortex o Glia Cells: Frontal Lobe: Parietal Lobe: Occipital Lobe: Temporal Lobe: CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE CHAPTER 3: BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Assume that you play cards in your leisure time; perhaps the game of bridge or another game that requires some skill. Using the table on the reverse side, identify how the specific brain sites in the list would be involved in the complex skills employed in playing cards. Begin by identifying the general brain function. Then determine how that part of the brain is directly involved in card playing. Please be as specific as possible; see the “Hypothalamus” for an example of what I would like you to do. BRAIN SITE FUNCTION INVOLVEMENT HYPOTHALAMUS Directs maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature) also linked to emotions You get a bad hand but regulate your emotions and stay a “good sport” OCCIPITAL LOBE RETICULAR FORMATION (Reticular Activating System: RAS) CEREBELLUM PARIETAL LOBE CORPUS CALLOSUM MEDULLA TEMPORAL LOBE FRONTAL LOBE THALAMUS AMYGDALA HIPPOCAMPUS Functions of the Cortex Objective 16: Summarize some of the findings on the functions of the motor cortex and the sensory cortex, and discuss the importance of the association areas. Motor Functions: o Motor Cortex: o Mapping the Motor Cortex: o Neural Prosthetics: Sensory Functions: o Sensory Cortex: Association Areas: Language Objective 17: Describe the five brain areas that would b involved if you read this sentence aloud. Aphasia: o Broca’s Area: o Wernicke’s Area: The Brain’s Plasticity Objective 18: Discuss the brain’s plasticity following injury or illness. Our Divided Brain Objective 19: Describe split-brain research, and explain how it helps us understand the functions of our left and right hemispheres Splitting the Brain Corpus Callosum: Split brain o Everyday functioning for these patients is relatively unchanged Studying Hemispheric Differences in the Intact Brain The cerebral cortex is divided into a right and left hemisphere that is connected by the corpus callosum Lateralization: Left Hemisphere: Right Hemisphere: Most of the functions of the cerebral cortex are shared by both hemispheres Counter intuitively, input from the senses of vision and touch go into the opposite hemisphere Example: Stimulation of the left hand goes to the right hemisphere Brain Organization and Handedness Objective 20: Discuss the relationships among brain organization, handedness, and mortality Is Handedness Inherited? So, Is it all Right to Be Left-Handed? A Scientific Mystery: The Case of the Disappearing Southpaws CHAPTER 2 REVIEW Linking Brain Chemistry to Behavior Check your understanding of relations between brain chemistry and behavior by indicating which neurotransmitters or other biological chemicals have been linked to the phenomena listed below. Choose your answers from the following list: A. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine C. dopamine D. serotonin E. endorphins _____1. A transmitter involved in the regulation of sleep, eating, and aggression. _____2. The two neurotransmitters that have been linked to depression. _____3. Chemicals that resemble opiate drugs in structure and that are involved in feelings of pain and pleasure. _____4. A neurotransmitter for which abnormal levels have been implicated in schizophrenia. _____5. The only neurotransmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles. Relating Disorders to the Nervous System: Indicate the probable location of any brain damage or the probable disturbance of neurotransmitter activity. (Your answers should be in complete sentences) Case 1: Zeon is exhibiting language deficits. In particular, he does not seem to comprehend the meaning of words. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Case 2: Zelda displays tremors and muscular rigidity and is diagnosed as having Parkinson’s Disease. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Case 3: Zeon, a 28-year-old computer executive, has gradually seen his strength and motor coordination deteriorate badly. He is diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Case 4: Wendy is highly irrational, has poor contact with reality, and reports hallucinations. She is given a diagnosis of schizophrenic disorder. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Chapter 1 Review _____1. Researchers must describe the actions that will be taken to measure or control each variable in their studies. In other words, they must: A. provide operational definitions of their variables B. decide whether their studies will be experimental or correlational C. use statistics to summarize their findings D. decide how many subjects should participate in their studies _____2. A researcher wants to see whether a protein-enriched diet will enhance the maze-running performance of rats. One group of rats is fed the high-protein diet for the duration of the study; the other group continues to receive ordinary rat chow. In this experiment, the diet fed to the two groups of rats is the _____________ variable. A. extraneous C. dependent B. control D. independent _____3. In a study of the effect of a new teaching technique on students’ achievement test scores, an important extraneous variable would be the students’ A. hair color C. IQ scores B. athletic skills D. sociability _____4. Which of the following correlation coefficients would indicate the strongest relationship between two variables? A. +.58 C. -.97 B. +.19 D. -.05 Review Questions for Prologue and Chapter 1 _____1. Students will be able to read a statement printed in the Comic Sans font faster than the same statement written in the Lucinda Calligraphy font. The statement above is a(n) A. hypothesis B. theory C. Replication D. operational definition E. correlation _____2. A quasi-experiment cannot be considered a controlled experiment because A. subjects cannot be randomly selected B. subjects cannot be randomly assigned C. experimenter bias is unavoidable D. demand characteristics are unavoidable E. too few subjects participate in the procedure _____3. When subjects in the experimental group put a puzzle piece in the wrong place, the experimenter unconsciously winced. The experimenter did not wince when subjects in the control group put a piece in the wrong place. One method to eliminate the wincing of the experimenter is by instituting A. the experimenter expectancy effect B. the single-blind/single-mask procedure C. the double-blind/double-mask procedure D. counterbalancing _____4. If Aristotle and Locke, who both believed that what we know is acquired from experience, were alive today, they would best agree with the A. behavioral approach D. biological approach B. psychoanalytic approach E. psychodynamic approach C. humanistic approach _____5. Wilhelm Wundt and the structuralists studied questions still asked today primarily by A. behavioral psychologist D. humanistic psychologists B. cognitive psychologists E. sociocultural psychologists C. psychodynamic psychologists _____6. With which definition of psychology would John B. Watson and B.F.Skinner most agree? A. Psychology is the science of behavior B. Psychology is the science of mental processes C. Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes D. Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes specific to contexts. Amygdala: Area of the brain in the temporal lobe that seems to affect aggressive behavior Auditory: Having to do with the sense of hearing Autonomic Nervous System: Part of the peripheral nervous system that controls things that you don’t have to think about (such as heartbeat) Axon: Long section of the nerve cell that carries impulses to other nerve cells Broca’s area: Area on the left side of the brain in the frontal lobe; it controls the ability to speak Central Nervous System: The brain and the spinal cord Cerebellum: A large structure that bulges out at the lower end of the brain; controls movement and balance Corpus Callosum: A large bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres; carries communication back and forth between the two hemispheres Convolutions: The folds and ridges on the surface of the brain Dendrite: Part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons Epilepsy: A severe disease of the nervous system characterized by convulsions and often unconsciousness Fissure: A large groove in the cortex Forebrain: One of the major divisions of the brain; contains the cerebrum, olfactory bulbs, thalamus, and hypothalamus Frontal Lobe: One of the main divisions of each half of the forebrain; involved in motor control, motivation, planning, and emotion Gyrus: The bulge between one sulcus and another Hippocampus: An area of the brain that is involved with hearing Hypothalamus: An area of the brain that regulates much of what goes on inside of the the body Korsakoff’s Psychosis: A psychosis characterized by loss of recent memories Lens: A transparent structure in the eye that helps focus light Limbic system: A group of brain areas involved in the control of motivated behavior and emotion Mammillary bodies: An area in the limbic system that seems to be involved in memory processing Medulla Oblongata: The part of the hindbrain that connects to the spinal cord; helps control breathing and heart rate Midbrain: One of the three major divisions of the brain; located between the hindbrain and the forebrain Neuron: A cell with a long thin shape and an ability to conduct electrochemical signals. Occipital Lobe: One of the main divisions of each half of the forebrain; involved in sight Optic Chiasma: Area in the brain where the neurons of the optic nerve are rearranged to go to both sides of the brain Parietal Lobe: One of the main divisions of each half of the forebrain; involved in body image; helps bring together information from the senses and is involved in language Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system excluding the brain and spinal cord and including all other sensory and motor nerves Phrenology: The study of personality through the feeling of bumps on the head Pineal body: A small area in the brain that might serve as a kind of internal clock Pons: Part of the hindbrain; a “bridge” of sensory and motor nerves; contains part of the reticular formation that is involved in sleep Receptor Cells: Cells that specialize in detecting stimuli such as light Reticular formation: A network of nerve cells running through the center of the brainstem; affects attention and wakefulness Retina: Membrane in the eye that contains light-sensitive cells Sulcus: A groove in the cortex Temporal Lobe: One of the main divisions of each half of the forebrain; involved in hearing and memory Thalamus: An area of the forebrain through which most sensory information passes Ventricles: Four fluid-filled cavities (hones) in the brain Wernicke’s Area: Area on the left side of the brain in the temporal lobe; controls the ability to understand spoken language