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The Biological Foundations of Behavior • The nervous system: the most complicated system in human body where billions of interconnected cells radiate all over the body. • Specialized Cells of nervous system include: 1. Receptor cells: Embedded in sense organs, (seeing – hearing – smelling – tasting – touching). receive various types of stimulation from environment, which are then transmitted to the brain. 1 2. Effector cells: Brain sends motor signals to the effector cells embedded in muscles and glands. 3. Neurons: Specialized to conduct signals from one part to another, (connect receptor cells to effector cells). 4. Nerve: long, fibrous parts of many neurons bundled together, and run through the bodies. 2 Division of nervous system: • 1- Central Nervous System (CNS): consists of brain and spinal cord. • 2-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Branching out from the CNS and leading to all parts of the body . • Neurons from PNS convey signals from receptor cells to the spinal cord and brain (afferent pathway). • neurons transmit messages from brain and spinal cord to effectors cells (efferent pathway). 3 • *Efferent pathway has two divisions : • Somatic nervous system: it controls actions that are under voluntary control. • Autonomic nervous system :control muscles of internal organs ( the heart, intestine, blood vessels) and glands, usually automatic or involuntary. 4 • Autonomic nervous system has two divisions : (opposite effects). a. Sympathetic nervous system: • In emergency situations as meeting a snake, lead to increase blood sugar, heart rate and blood pressure, and inhibiting digestion (Fight- Flight- Fright response) 5 b. Parasympathetic Nervous System: • -Dominates under relaxation conditions and tends to conserve body's energy. • -After eating large meal, it works to aid digestion, at the same time decreasing heart rate and blood flow to skeletal muscles 6 Division of the nerves system (Look in your book please) 7 Composition of neuron cell: • A- Cell body: the life support center of the cell. • B- Dendrites: receive messages transmitted from other neurons (antenna of neurons). • C- Axons: carries neural signals to affect the muscle fibers 8 Types of neuron 1- Sensory neurons: carry information form sense organs to the brain & spinal cord. 2-Motor neurons: carry signals from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands . 3-Inter-neurons: connect neuron to other neurons . 9 Brain • Structurally the brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and limbic system. • (1) CEREBRUM • The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres: • (2) CEREBELLUM: center for coordination of movements and postural adjustments. 10 (3) Brain Stem: Includes the midbrain, Pons, and medulla oblongata. • Medulla oblongata: contains vital centers for respiration and cardiovascular functions. (4) Limbic System: located above the brain stem that includes: - The hypothalamus is involved in temperature regulation, appetite control, endocrine function…etc. • Hippocampus is involved in emotional arousal and memory. 11 Neurotransmission: - Neurons communicate information with one another by sending electrochemical messages from neuron to neuron. • Neurotransmitters: - Chemical substances manufactured in the neuron, aid in the transmission of information throughout the body. 12 Major Neurotransmitters in Psychology 1-Dopamine:(excitatory). - Control of complex movements, motivation, cognition, and regulation of emotional responses. 2 Nor epinephrine (Noradrenalin) : • plays a role in changes in attention, learning and memory, sleep and wakefulness, and mood regulation. 13 Major Neurotransmitters in Psychology…cot. 3- Epinephrine (adrenaline): - Controls fight-or-flight response in anxiety disorders. 4- Serotonin: (inhibitory): - Control of sleep ,wakefulness, emotions and sexual behavior. 14 Major Neurotransmitters in Psychology…cot. 5- Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA): - Drugs that increase GABA function used to treat anxiety and induce sleep. 6- Acetylcholine: (excitatory or inhibitory). - affect the sleep/wake cycle and to signal muscles to become active. 15 Sensation and Perception • Sensation: (The process where by stimulation of receptor cells like eye, nose, ear …etc., send nerve impulses to the brain, where they register a touch, sound, color …etc). • Perception: - (process where the brain interprets sensation giving them order and meaning). 16 Sensation and Perception…cont. - Without sensation: perception couldn’t occur, without perception sensations without meaning. - Impaired perception cause (illusion). 17 Stimulus (Any form of energy (sound, light, heat, and pressure) to which an organism is capable of responding). • Stimuli and sensation have a cause and effect relationship. 18 Factors affects stimulus detection: - (1) The intensity of stimulus. - (2) Background noise interfere with stimulus detection. - (3) Motivation (rewards or punishments). -(4) Prolonged constant stimulation: lead to sensory adaptation. 19 How do perceptual processes develop? 1. Empiricist view of perceptual development: - Babies enter the world with little or no ability to see depth, form, and perceptual constancy’s. - Infants learn adult like perceptions on the basis of cues the environment provides . 20 2. Nativist view of perceptual development: • Not all perceptual process are learned, some arise from the way our sensory system work, e.g. feeling of hunger or diaper wetting. 21 • 3- Interactionism view of perceptual development: - Through the interaction of both biological factors & experience perceptual process develop. - what we see, hears, feel, and so forth, is partly the results of how our sensory systems are programmed and partly the result of what we are exposed to. 22 • *Expectations and perceptions: • • Psychologists have studied two ways in which learning and experience mold our expectations which in turn shape our perception 23 • 1-Perceptual set: • A frame of mind that “ sets” a person to perceive things in a certain way. We perceive what we think we should perceive. • • - Perceptual sets establish expectations that guide our perception, Example person who was bitten by snake in the dark in specific 24 area. The sight of snake become a • 2- Perceptual schema: • • Mental representation of objects and events against which incoming data are compared and interpreted. • • - General knowledge of the world in the form of schemas also shape our 25 expectations and hence our knowledge.