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Chapter 5 Development and Plasticity of the Brain Development of the Brain • Plasticity • Nature versus Nurture • Rapid development Fig. 5-1, p. 122 Fig. 5-2, p. 123 Development of the Brain. • The human central nervous system begins to form when the embryo is approximately 2 weeks old. Fig. 5-3, p. 123 Development of the Brain • The fluid-filled cavity becomes the central canal of the spinal cord and the four ventricles of the brain. Development of the Brain • At birth, the human brain weighs approximately 350 grams. • By the first year. the brain weighs approximately 1000 grams. • The adult brain weighs 1200-1400 grams. Development of the Brain • The development of neurons in the brain involves the following four processes: 1. Proliferation 2. Differentiation 3. Myelination 4. Synaptogenesis Fig. 5-6, p. 127 Development of the Brain • Neurogenesis?? • Sperry’s (1954) research Fig. 5-7, p. 127 Development of the Brain • Neural Darwinism • Neurotropin • Apoptosis • Nerve growth factor (NGF) Development of the Brain • Fetal alcohol syndrome • Cocaine abuse • Enriched versus impoverished environments Fig. 5-10, p. 131 Fig. 5-11, p. 132 Fig. 5-12, p. 133 Plasticity After Brain Damage • Survivors of brain damage show subtle to significant behavioral recovery. • Some of the mechanisms of recovery include those similar to the mechanisms of brain development such as the new branching of axons and dendrites. Plasticity After Brain Damage • Possible causes of brain damage include: – Tumors – infections – exposure to toxic substances – degenerative diseases – closed head injuries. Fig. 5-13, p. 138 Plasticity After Brain Damage • A closed head injury • A stroke or cerebrovascular accident – Ischemia – Hemorrhage – Edema- How can we help? • tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) • Cooling the brain • Cannabanoids Fig. 5-14, p. 139 Plasticity After Brain Damage • • • • • Diaschisis Axonal regrowth Collateral sprouts Gangliosides Progesterone Fig. 5-16, p. 141 Fig. 5-17, p. 142 Plasticity After Brain Damage • Ways the brain compensates for decreased input and to restores normal functioning include: • Denervation supersensitivity • Disuse supersensitivity Plasticity After Brain Damage • Phantom limb • Deafferenated limbs