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Nervous System: Functions Sensory Senses internal and external changes Integrative Analyzes sensory information Stores information Decides what to do with information Motor Responds to Stimuli Involuntary Control Voluntary Control Composed of two divisions 1. Sympathetic 2. Parasympathetic Controls Heart, GI Tract, Glands, Hormones, Respiration Controls Peripheral Nervous System Skeletal Muscles Autonomic vs. Somatic Two (2) – Neuron Pathway One (1) – Neuron Pathway Neuron extends from CNS Neuron extends to effector organs Antagonists “Fight or Flight” “Rest and Digest” •Exercise Digestion •Emergency Defecation •Excitement Diuresis (Urination) •Embarrassment The effects produced upon stimulation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system Facilitated by the release of large amounts of catecholamine (epinephrine) from the adrenal medullae (superior portion of kidney) Fight or Flight SCARED?????? Noticeable Effects Pupils Dilate Mouth Goes Dry Neck & Shoulder Muscles Tense Heart Beat Increases Muscles acquire action potential Hidden Effects Brain Stimulates Action Potential Blood Pressure Increases Adrenaline released by Adrenal Glands Glycogen broken down to glucose and released into blood for immediate energy source Blood Vessels Dilate Digestion Ceases Respiratory Rates Increase Possible Hyperventilation Sweating Oxygen Debt = Muscles demand for more oxygen Sphincters Tighten Cortisol released depresses the immune system Everyday Responses • Music – Jazz = Parasympathetic – Rap & Rock = Sympathetic • Television – Anger = Sympathetic – Sports & Excitement = Sympathetic • Screaming/Arguing = Sympathetic • Excitement – Bell Rings for end of school = Sympathetic • Colors – Light Colors = Parasympathetic – Dark Colors = Sympathetic Can You Think of Any Other Responses? Males • • Women Stress response “Tend and Befriend” – Social Withdrawal – Social Support – Substance Abuse • Emotions – Aggression • Sympathy Mortality – Aggression – Believed responses to • Protective responses stress contribute to early towards offspring and mortality when compared to affiliate with together women for shared emotional responses to threat •Disruption of Sexual Response •Digestive System Disorders Mental Disorders ~ Post-Traumatic Stress ~ Anorexia & Bulimia ~ Diarrhea ~ Constipation ~ Vomiting •Chronic Stress = Suppression of Immune System Cardiac Arrest Aneurysm Migraine Headaches • Functional Properties – Irritability • Respond to stimulus and convert to a nerve impulse – Conductivity • Transmits nerve impulse to other neuron, muscle, or gland • Occurs at synapses where neurotransmitters diffuse and bind chemoreceptors • Ability to be Altered, Controlled, or Destroyed – Nerve impulses can be blocked and cause membrane to become impermeable to diffusing sodium ions • Cold • Pressure • Sedatives & Anesthetics • Limbs falling “asleep” then influx of “pins and needles feeling” Neurons Dendrites - Neurological Receiver Neuron Structure Axons - Neurological messenger 3 main parts 1. Dendrites 2. Cell Body 3. Axon Progressive Develop from Infancy to Adulthood Helps 1.Protect 2.Insulate 3. Increase Speed of Impulse Neurolemmocytes – PNS Oligodendrocytes-CNS Pipe Cleaner Neuron • 1. Take one pipe cleaner and roll it into a ball. This is will be the cell body. • 2.Take another pipe cleaner and attach it to the new "cell body" by pushing it through the ball so there are two halves sticking out. Take the two halves and twist them together into a single extension. This will be the axon. • 3.Take other pipe cleaners and push them through the "cell body" on the side opposite the axon. These are dendrites. These can be shorter than your axon and you can twist more pipe cleaners to make more dendrites. • 4.Wrap small individual pipe cleaners along the length of the axon. These will represent the myelin sheath. • 5. Wrap another pipe cleaner on the end of the axon. This will be the synaptic terminal. ~Propagation along unmyelinated fibers Functional Classification of Neurons • Sensory (Afferent) neurons – Carry impulses from the sensory receptors • Cutaneous sense organs • Proprioceptors – detect stretch or tension • Motor (Efferent) neurons – Carry impulses from the CNS to the effectors • Interneurons (Association Neurons) – Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system – Connect sensory and motor neurons Receptor Sensory Neuron Interneuron Motor Neuron Effector ~~ Rapid, predicted, involuntary response to a stimuli Autonomic vs. Somatic Autonomic – Regulate activity of Smooth & Cardiac Muscle, and Glands Somatic – Stimulate Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Somatic vs. Autonomic • • • • • • Pupillary Salivary Patellar Hand on hot stove Sudoriferous Glands Peristalsis Autonomic Autonomic Somatic Somatic Autonomic Autonomic 1. Faster Communication 2. Synchronize (Heart) 3. Two-Way Transmission Synapses Neurotransmitters • Endorphins – Inhibit pain impulse • Acetylcholine – Muscular Contraction, R.E.M Sleep • Dopamine – Emotional responses • Serotonin – Muscle Relaxor, Induces sleep – Hyposecretion = Depression (Prozac) • Melatonin – Regulates Circadian Rhythm • Epinephrine – Vasodilator • Norepinephrine – Arousal, Dreaming, Mood Nervous Tissue : Supporting Cells “Neuroglia” • Astrocytes – Maintains K+ Balance for Nerve Impulse Propagation – Brain Development – Helps Form Blood-Brain Barrier • Microglia – Phagocytes of the brain • Ependymal Cells – Forms Cerebrospinal Fluid – Helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid and forms protective cushion around CNS • Oligodendrocytes (CNS) – Form Myelin sheaths Protective Coverings Meninges “P.A.D.” the Brain Cerebrospinal Fluid • Produced by the Choroid Plexus • Circulates Through Subarachnoid Space • Clear, Colorless – Contains Glucose, Lactic Acid, Proteins, Urea, Anions(- ions), Cations (+ ions), WBC • Major Function – Mechanical Protection •Shock Absorber •Allows Brain to “Float” – Chemical Protection •Regulates ionic balance responsible for neuron signaling – Circulation •Nutrient/Waste Exchange Between Cardiovascular and Nervous Systems Circulation Choroid Plexus Arachnoid Villus Brain Blood Supply Less Permeable Easy Passage – Glucose, O2, CO2, Water, Caffeine, Nicotine, Narcotics, and Anasthetics • • • • Frontal – Primary Motor Area – Concerned with reasoning, planning, parts of speech (Broca’s Area), movement (motor cortex), emotions, language comprehension and problem-solving , learned skills Parietal – Contains Somatic Sensory Area – Concerned with perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature , and pain. Occipital – Concerned with many aspects of vision Temporal – Concerned with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli (hearing), Olfactory (Smell), and memory (hippocampus). Which Fissures/Sulci Separate Lobes of the Brain? Corpus Callosum White Matter Myelinated fibers, Carry impulses to and from Cerebral Cortex 110,000 Miles Cerebral Separations Longitudinal Fissure Central Sulcus Lateral Cerebral Sulcus Parieto-Occipital Sulcus Transverse Fissure ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Interpret/Store Sensations Learned , sequential Movements Broca’s Area (Motor Speech) Wernicke’s Area (Sensory Speech) Past vs. Present Postcentral Gyrus Postcentral Precentral Paleomammalian Brain – Primitive – Regulates Survival Emotions • Fear / Anger • Sex • Pain/Pleasure • Memory • Hunger Memory Video Thalamus “Relay Center” Limbic Structures Amygdala - almond shaped mass of nuclei involved in emotional responses, hormonal secretions, and memory. Responsible for determining what memories are stored and where the memories are stored in the brain. It is thought that this determination is based on how huge an emotional response an event invokes Cingulate Gyrus - a fold in the brain involved with sensory input concerning emotions and the regulation of aggressive behavior. Fornix - an arching, fibrous band of nerve fibers that connect the hippocampus to the hypothalamus. Hippocampus - a tiny nub that acts as a memory indexer -- sending memories out to the appropriate part of the cerebral hemisphere for long-term storage and retrieving them when necessary. Hypothalamus - about the size of a pearl, this structure directs a multitude of important functions. It wakes you up in the morning, and gets the adrenaline flowing. The hypothalamus is also an important emotional center, controlling the molecules that make you feel exhilarated, angry, or unhappy. Electroencephalogram (EEG) Relaxed, Calm, Meditation Awake, Normal Consciousness Emotional Stress, Disorders Sleep Why get an EEG? Assess Brain Function due to - Trauma - Infection - Coma Cerebellum “Little Brain” • Receives impulses from proprioreceptors and eyes • Coordination of complex voluntary muscular movement • Posture and balance Diencephalon – Thalamus • Relay station for nerve impulses to Sensory Cortex • Recognition of impulse and (Good vs. Bad) – Hypothalamus • Overall Autonomic NS • Regulates body homeostasis; metabolism, body temperature, water balance • Limbic System – Emotions • Regulates the Pituitary Gland – Pituitary Gland • Hormone Production – Epithalamus • Pineal Body – Hormone Production • Choroid Plexus – Formation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Brain Stem Midbrain - nerve pathway of the cerebral hemispheres and contains auditory and visual reflex centers Pons - Involved in Breathing Medulla Oblangata - Controls heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing • • • • • • • Diseases Multiple Sclerosis – Myelin sheath broken down, person loses ability to control body’s muscles Meningitis – Virus or bacteria infection passes into the blood stream and then into the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord causes bleeding in the brain Cerebral Palsy – Neuromuscular disability in which voluntary muscles are poorly controlled and become spastic – Most likely due to lack of oxygen during delivery Cerebrovascular Accident (A.K.A Stroke) – Blood circulation to the brain is blocked or a blood vessel ruptures causing necrotic brain tissue Parkinson’s Disease – Persistent tremors in muscle fibers; due to deficiencies in dopamine – Not controlled by Basal Ganglia – Hard to initiate skeletal muscle movement Alzheimer’s Disease – Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person’s ability to carry out daily activities. The most common form of dementia among older people is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which initially involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language Huntington’s Disease – Degeneration basal nuclei – Hard to control involuntary skeletal muscle movements – Constant movements Alzheimer's Eye Test Count Every “F” in the following text: Finished Files are The Result of Years of Scientific Study Combined with the Experience of Years. How Many? Letter from Mr. Jfreefry, I lvoe Cmarbrigde so mcuh. It is fllied wtih ltos of srmat poelpe. I Cnanot blveiee that yuo cna aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I am wirtnig. The phaonmneal pweor of the Braes mnid is fscatninag, it deosn’t mttaer in what order the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the first and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseaea the huamnn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? Yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt? Go Bares! Alzheimer's Eye Test Count Every “F” in the following text: Finished Files are The Result of Years of Scientific Study Combined with the Experience of Years. How Many?