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Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2 1 History of Mind Phrenology Bettman/ Corbis In 1800, Franz Gall suggested that bumps of the skull represented mental abilities. His theory, though incorrect, nevertheless proposed that different mental abilities were modular. 2 Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons. 3 Neural Communication Humans and animals operate similarly when processing information. Note the similarities in the above brain regions, which are all 4 engaged in information processing. Neuron A nerve cell, or a neuron, consists of many different parts. 5 Synapse Synapse [SIN-aps] a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft. 6 Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters (chemicals) released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron. 7 Draw Neural Communication • Draw an label two neurons communicating: • Work together-> – What labels will you need? – How can you show the neural communication? 8 How Neurotransmitters Influence Us Serotonin pathways are involved with mood regulation. From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press 9 Dopamine Pathways Dopamine pathways are involved with diseases such as schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press 10 Neurotransmitters 11 Lock & Key Mechanism Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism. 12 Agonists 13 Antagonists 14 Neurotransmitters • Work together: • Explain how the following can be linked to neurotransmitters: – Depression – Alzheimer’s Disease – Parkinson’s Disease 15 Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 16 The Nervous System 17 Kinds of Neurons Sensory Neurons carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the CNS. Motor Neurons carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands . Interneurons connect the two neurons. Interneuron Neuron (Unipolar) Sensory Neuron (Bipolar) Motor Neuron (Multipolar) 18 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Sympathetic NS “Arouses” (fight-or-flight) Parasympathetic NS “Calms” (rest and digest) 19 Central Nervous System The Brain and Neural Networks Interconnected neurons form networks in the brain. Theses networks are complex and modify with growth and experience. Complex Neural Network 20 Central Nervous System The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Simple Reflex 21 Nervous System • How do the CNS and PNS differ? • Give an example of your autonomic nervous system in action and somatic nervous system in action? • How does your autonomic nervous system relate to your reflexes? 22 Myelin Repair 23 The Endocrine System •“slow” chemical communication •hormones released by glands. 24 Pituitary Gland “master gland.” Releases hormones that : 1.regulate other glands 2. influence growth 25 Older Brain Structures • Brainstem • Cerebellum – Medulla – Thalamus – Reticular Formation 26 Brainstem •the oldest part of the brain, •begins where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull • responsible for automatic survival functions. 27 Brainstem - Medulla •base of the brainstem that •controls heartbeat and breathing. 28 Brainstem- Thalamus •the brain’s sensory switchboard, •top of the brainstem. •directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex •transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. 29 Brainstem - Reticular Formation •nerve network in the brainstem •important role in controlling arousal. 30 Cerebellum “little brain” • attached to the rear of the brainstem. • helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance. 31 Older Brain Structures • Brainstem • Cerebellum – Medulla – Thalamus – Reticular Formation IF YOU ARE RIDING A BICYCLE HOW ARE EACH OF THESE BEING USED? 32 Techniques to Study the Brain • • • • • • Lesions Clinical Observations Electroencephalogram (EEG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Functional MRI (fMRI) 33 Lesion •experimentally destroys brain tissue • study animal behaviors after destruction. Hubel (1990) 34 Clinical Observation - Changes after damaged brain noted Tom Landers/ Boston Globe 35 Electroencephalogram (EEG) •amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface •measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. AJ Photo/ Photo Researchers, Inc. 36 PET Scan •detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a task. Courtesy of National Brookhaven National Laboratories (positron emission tomography) •visual display of brain activity 37 MRI Scan (magnetic resonance imaging •magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images •distinguish among different types of brain tissue Both photos from Daniel Weinberger, M.D., CBDB, NIMH James Salzano/ Salzano Photo Lucy Reading/ Lucy Illustrations 38 The Limbic System •border of the brainstem and cerebrum • associated with fear, aggression and drives for food and sex •hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus 39 Hippocampus •Helps to process and form new memories •Damage may result in inability to process new memories 40 Amygdala •two lima beansized neural clusters • linked to the emotions of fear and anger. 41 Hypothalamus •below (hypo) the thalamus •maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions •helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. 42 Limbic System • What are the parts of the limbic system? • If you are riding a bicycle how is each part being used? 43 The Cerebral Cortex •interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemisphere •ultimate control and information processing center 44 Structure of the Cortex •four lobes that are separated by prominent fissures. • frontal lobe (forehead) • parietal lobe (top to rear head), •occipital lobe (back head) • temporal lobe (side of head) 45 Functions of the Cortex Motor Cortex -rear of the frontal lobes & control voluntary movements Sensory Cortex- front parietal lobe & receives information from skin surface and sense organs 46 Visual Function Courtesy of V.P. Clark, K. Keill, J. Ma. Maisog, S. Courtney, L.G. Ungerleider, and J.V. Haxby, National Institute of Mental Health The functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex is active as the subject looks at faces. 47 Auditory Function The functional MRI scan shows the auditory cortex is active in patients who hallucinate. 48 Language Aphasia is an impairment of language •usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to: • Broca’s area (impaired speaking) • Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding). 49 The Cerebral Cortex • What is each of the • Frontal lobe following doing if • Parietal lobe you are riding a • Temporal Lobe bike? • Occipital lobe • Motor cortex • Sensory cortex • Broca’s area • Wernike’s area 50 The Brain’s Plasticity The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our experiences. Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some types of injury or illness. 51 Our Divided Brain Two hemispheres. Left hemisphere: reading, writing, speaking, mathematics, calculation and comprehension skills Right hemisphere: perceptual tasks, inferences, drawing, perceiving differences, perceiving emotion, causing expression ( left side of face more expressive), social conduct 52 Splitting the Brain -two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers -mainly those of the corpus callosum Martin M. Rother Courtesy of Terence Williams, University of Iowa Corpus Callosum 53 Split Brain Patients With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot. 54 Divided Consciousness 55 Try This! Try drawing one shape with your left hand and one with your right hand, simultaneously. BBC 56