Download The History and Scope of Psychology Module 1

Neuroscience and
Behavior
Chapter 2
1
History of Mind
Phrenology
Bettman/ Corbis
In 1800, Franz Gall
suggested that bumps of
the skull represented
mental abilities. His
theory, though incorrect,
nevertheless proposed
that different mental
abilities were modular.
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Neural Communication
The body’s information system is built from
billions of interconnected cells called neurons.
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Neural Communication
Humans and animals operate similarly when
processing information.
Note the similarities in the above brain regions, which are all
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engaged in information processing.
Neuron
A nerve cell, or a neuron, consists of many
different parts.
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Synapse
Synapse [SIN-aps] a junction between the axon
tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or
cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap
is called the synaptic gap or cleft.
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Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
(chemicals) released
from the sending
neuron travel across the
synapse and bind to
receptor sites on the
receiving neuron.
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Draw Neural Communication
• Draw an label two neurons
communicating:
• Work together->
– What labels will you need?
– How can you show the neural
communication?
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How Neurotransmitters Influence Us
Serotonin pathways are
involved with mood
regulation.
From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989
University of California Press
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Dopamine Pathways
Dopamine pathways
are involved with
diseases such as
schizophrenia and
Parkinson’s disease.
From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989
University of California Press
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Neurotransmitters
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Lock & Key Mechanism
Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the
receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism.
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Agonists
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Antagonists
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Neurotransmitters
• Work together:
• Explain how the following can be linked to
neurotransmitters:
– Depression
– Alzheimer’s Disease
– Parkinson’s Disease
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Nervous System
Central
Nervous
System
(CNS)
Peripheral
Nervous
System
(PNS)
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The Nervous System
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Kinds of Neurons
Sensory Neurons carry incoming information from the
sense receptors to the CNS.
Motor Neurons carry outgoing information from the
CNS to muscles and glands
. Interneurons connect the two neurons.
Interneuron Neuron
(Unipolar)
Sensory Neuron
(Bipolar)
Motor Neuron
(Multipolar)
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic NS
“Arouses”
(fight-or-flight)
Parasympathetic NS
“Calms”
(rest and digest)
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Central Nervous System
The Brain and Neural Networks
Interconnected neurons form networks in the
brain. Theses networks are complex and modify
with growth and experience.
Complex Neural Network
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Central Nervous System
The Spinal Cord and Reflexes
Simple Reflex
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Nervous System
• How do the CNS and PNS differ?
• Give an example of your autonomic
nervous system in action and somatic
nervous system in action?
• How does your autonomic nervous system
relate to your reflexes?
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Myelin Repair
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The Endocrine System
•“slow” chemical
communication
•hormones released
by glands.
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Pituitary Gland
“master gland.”
Releases hormones that :
1.regulate other glands
2. influence growth
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Older Brain Structures
• Brainstem
• Cerebellum
– Medulla
– Thalamus
– Reticular Formation
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Brainstem
•the oldest part of the brain,
•begins where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull
• responsible for automatic survival functions.
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Brainstem - Medulla
•base of the brainstem
that
•controls heartbeat and
breathing.
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Brainstem- Thalamus
•the brain’s sensory
switchboard,
•top of the brainstem.
•directs messages to the
sensory areas in the
cortex
•transmits replies to the
cerebellum and
medulla.
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Brainstem - Reticular Formation
•nerve network in the
brainstem
•important role in
controlling arousal.
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Cerebellum
“little brain”
• attached to the rear of
the brainstem.
• helps coordinate
voluntary movements
and balance.
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Older Brain Structures
• Brainstem
• Cerebellum
– Medulla
– Thalamus
– Reticular Formation
IF YOU ARE RIDING A BICYCLE HOW ARE EACH OF THESE
BEING USED?
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Techniques to Study the Brain
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lesions
Clinical Observations
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Functional MRI (fMRI)
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Lesion
•experimentally
destroys brain tissue
• study animal
behaviors after
destruction.
Hubel (1990)
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Clinical Observation
- Changes after damaged brain noted
Tom Landers/ Boston Globe
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
•amplified recording of the electrical waves
sweeping across the brain’s surface
•measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
AJ Photo/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
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PET Scan
•detects a radioactive
form of glucose while the
brain performs a task.
Courtesy of National Brookhaven National Laboratories
(positron emission
tomography)
•visual display of brain
activity
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MRI Scan
(magnetic resonance
imaging
•magnetic fields and
radio waves to produce
computer-generated
images
•distinguish among
different types of brain
tissue
Both photos from Daniel Weinberger, M.D., CBDB, NIMH
James Salzano/ Salzano Photo
Lucy Reading/ Lucy Illustrations
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The Limbic System
•border of the brainstem
and cerebrum
• associated with fear,
aggression and drives for
food and sex
•hippocampus,
amygdala, and
hypothalamus
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Hippocampus
•Helps to process and
form new memories
•Damage may result in
inability to process new
memories
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Amygdala
•two lima beansized neural clusters
• linked to the
emotions of fear and
anger.
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Hypothalamus
•below (hypo) the
thalamus
•maintenance activities
like eating, drinking,
body temperature, and
control of emotions
•helps govern the
endocrine system via
the pituitary gland.
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Limbic System
• What are the parts
of the limbic
system?
• If you are riding a
bicycle how is each
part being used?
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The Cerebral Cortex
•interconnected neural cells that covers the
cerebral hemisphere
•ultimate control and information processing
center
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Structure of the Cortex
•four lobes that are
separated by prominent
fissures.
• frontal lobe (forehead)
• parietal lobe (top to
rear head),
•occipital lobe (back
head)
• temporal lobe (side of
head)
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Functions of the Cortex
Motor Cortex -rear of the frontal lobes & control
voluntary movements
Sensory Cortex- front parietal lobe & receives
information from skin surface and sense organs
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Visual Function
Courtesy of V.P. Clark, K. Keill, J. Ma.
Maisog, S. Courtney, L.G.
Ungerleider, and J.V. Haxby,
National Institute of Mental Health
The functional MRI scan
shows the visual cortex
is active as the subject
looks at faces.
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Auditory Function
The functional MRI scan
shows the auditory
cortex is active in
patients who hallucinate.
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Language
Aphasia is an impairment of language
•usually caused by left hemisphere damage either
to:
• Broca’s area (impaired speaking)
• Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding).
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The Cerebral Cortex
• What is each of the • Frontal lobe
following doing if
• Parietal lobe
you are riding a
• Temporal Lobe
bike?
• Occipital lobe
• Motor cortex
• Sensory cortex
• Broca’s area
• Wernike’s area
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The Brain’s Plasticity
The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our
experiences.
Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify
itself after some types of injury or illness.
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Our Divided Brain
Two hemispheres.
Left hemisphere: reading, writing, speaking,
mathematics, calculation and comprehension
skills
Right hemisphere: perceptual tasks, inferences,
drawing, perceiving differences, perceiving
emotion, causing expression ( left side of face
more expressive), social conduct
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Splitting the Brain
-two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting
the connecting fibers
-mainly those of the corpus callosum
Martin M. Rother
Courtesy of Terence Williams, University of Iowa
Corpus Callosum
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Split Brain Patients
With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple)
presented in the right visual field can be named.
Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot.
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Divided Consciousness
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Try This!
Try drawing one shape with your left hand and
one with your right hand, simultaneously.
BBC
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