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Nervous System
NEURON:
• A basic cell of the nervous
system; with one or more
dendrites and one or more
axons.
MORE on NEURONS:
• ALL OR NOTHING PRINCIPLE: The
neuron fires or it doesn’t.
• Absolute Refractory Period: Must rest
before it fires again.
• Refractory Period: The neuron rests or
must be stimulated more to fire.
• Video C10 (tics)
Central Nervous
System
CNS
VIDEO C 6 and
Video B5
How do scientists
learn about the
Nervous System?
How about 150 years
ago?
Phineas Gage’s accident – over
150 years ago scientists learned
something about the nervous
system and emotions.
(Watch online video)
Studying the Nervous
System
• Electrodes (Bionic Arm – B4)
• Chemicals
• Brain Damage (Lobotomy &
Lobectomy) (Hole in skull B5 video)
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Brain Mapping (C-12 video)
JOURNAL ENTRY– THE BRAIN
• Identify 10 facts about the
brain you did not know or
find very interesting.
• Be prepared to discuss them.
• Video C11
Brain Growth
• What are the three best ways
to boost brain growth?
– Novel, coherent stimulation.
– Exercise.
– Good nutrition (avoid toxins like
drugs).
MYTHS
• You use only 10% of your
brain.“We use 100% of our
brains.“ Dr. Eric H. Chudler;
• Right v. Left brain
• Smarter people have more
brain wrinkles
• Intelligence is fixed.
“We use 100% of our brains.“
Dr. Eric H. Chudler;
• The worst misconceptions are those which
everyone knows to be true, and yet are
completely false.
90% of a Brain is a Terrible Thing to Waste
Today the entire brain is mapped in
extensive detail, and a specific function
has been found for each part of the brain.
The New England Journal
• Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning,
planning, and problem solving
• Parietal Lobe- associated with movement,
orientation, recognition, perception of
stimuli
• Occipital Lobe- associated with visual
processing
• Temporal Lobe- associated with
perception and recognition of auditory
stimuli, memory,emotion and speech
THE BRAIN
• About 100 + billions neurons
• Weighs about 3-3.5 pounds
• Each neuron has 1000-10,000
synaptic connections.
• Weight is mostly from fat (a sheath
covering the axons)
The Brain - AMAZING
• Attempts to keep us alive.
• Knows what it needs
–Survival (Video F3 and F5)
–Pain is the brain signaling
you to act! (Video)
CONTROL CENTER
• Slows down time
• Initially does not use
prefrontal cortex
• Gives time for decisions
• VIDEO F-2
Energy Usage
• How much energy does the Brain
use?
• Your brain uses about 20% of your
body’s total supply of energy, though
it only represents about 2% of your
body weight.
• It circulates about 1½ pints of blood
per minute.
Watering the Brain
• Should we drink more water during
learning? Yes!
• Water is good for the brain. 8-10
glasses a day under normal
conditions are recommended.
• When the body gets dehydrated,
a higher concentration of salt in
the bloodstream causes the stress
response and learning may be
impaired.
Brain Mapping
MRI
PET
CAT
Electrodes
Brain Damage
How is an MRI done?
MRI – magnetic resonance imaging
VIDEO – Magnetic Mind Control Chpt 3 online
PET Scan – Positron emission tomography
The BRAIN
Hypothalamus
Diagram the brain on the test.
Cerebral Cortex• Thought
• Voluntary
movement
• Language
• Reasoning
• Perception
Cerebellum
• Movement
• Balance
• Posture
Brain stem
• Breathing
• Heart Rate
• Blood
Pressure
Hypothalamus
•
•
•
•
•
•
(Pituitary tumor- video D2)
Body Temperature
Emotions
Hunger
Thirst
Hormones
Stimulate pons and
pituitary to secrete
hormones.
Thalamus
• Sensory Integration
• Motor Integration
• The thalamus receives
sensory information
and relays this
information to the
cerebral
• Switching Point
Midbrain – complex reflexes
• Vision
• Audition
• Eye
Movement
• Body
Movement
HINDBRAIN
• Contains Pons and Medulla
• Reflex actions – blinking and
breathing.
CORPUS CALLOSUM
• Connects the two hemispheres of
the brain.
• Allows the right and left sides of
our brain to communicate.
• Kim (Video -A10)
http://youtub
e.com/watch
?v=ZMLzP1
VCANo&fea
ture=related
Left-Right Hemisphere
Do the two sides of the brain work differently?
In general, we use both sides of our
brain for almost everything. But
the left hemisphere usually deals
with parts, in sequence, and is
more analytical and judgmental.
The right hemisphere deals with
wholes, randomly, and is more
holistic.
Know brain parts for test!
THE BRAIN AND SLEEP
• What are our brains doing while
we are sleeping?
• Video
Your Brain Matters = Sleep
• Your brain cuts out un-used or poor
neurons (this is called pruning).
• NOT enough sleep -protein markers
will not grow into new branches. If you
don’t snooze, you loose.
• The brain does not begin its work until
1 – 2 hours after you go to sleep.
Your Brain Matters
• The actual branching takes
place in deep sleep.
• REM – stimulates the new
grown branches
• Reviewing information you
want to learn works very well
before you go to sleep.
•
•
•
•
•
SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND
THE EFFECTS
Irritable
Drowsy
Some hallucinate
Inability to complete simple tasks
Less memory and concentration
capabilities
• Need alarm clock and fall asleep quickly
Video – F 5 (Sleep)
REM DEPRIVATION WILL HAVE SIMILAR
SIDE EFFECTS.
What about today’s kids:
overscheduled and
overtired????
•
•
•
•
Tired students don’t learn as well.
More likely to have car accidents.
More depressed.
“Teenagers should feel wide awake,
energetic, and motivated.”
• Biological clock – to bed later and need
more sleep in the morning.
» U.S. News and World Report
http://youtube.com/watch?v=olSxyT1JOJ8
SLEEP
• We spend about:
• 8 hours/day,
• 56 hours/week,
• 224 hours/month and
• 2,688 hours/year doing it
• ...that's right...SLEEPING.
One third of our lives we
are apparently doing
nothing. But is sleep really
doing nothing?
WHY DO WE SLEEP?
Do not know the function of sleep.
Theories:
•Learning Theory – Dendrites grow and strengthen
•Evolutionary Theory – protective fixed DNA.
•Historical Theory – passive fixed DNA.
•Restoration Theory – restore and/or rest brain
and body. (Video 2-1)
EEG WAVES.
• The brain is very active.
• Electroencephalograph.
• The encephalogram (or
EEG) is the record of
brain activity
• Video (2-2)
EEG WAVES
To understand sleep patterns we
need to understand our EEG waves
during wake.
Beta – active (draw pattern)
Alpha – trance (draw pattern)
STAGES OF SLEEP
EEG waves and the Stages of
Sleep
Stage I (draw waves)
• About 5 minutes
• Going to sleep
•Easy to awake
•Know what is going on around them
Stage II (draw waves)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Very easy to arouse
Wasn’t feeling really asleep
Don’t know if real or dreaming
Long life-like dreams.
Aware of surroundings, but drowsy.
50% of sleep time.
Stage III – (draw waves)
• Delta rhythms (6-8 cycles per second) with some
activity
• Totally out of it – dreams usually not remembered.
• Difficult to awake (may try to hit etc.)
• Not conscious of surroundings (talk with you, but
not aware.)
• If disorder or young you may spend too much time
in III
– Night terrors
– Sleep walking and talking
STAGE IV – (draw wave)
• Delta wave (6-8 cycles) with no other signs
of other activity.
• No dreams or activity.
• Some theories argue that this is were the
brain rests.
• Can not awake until they go into another
stage.
REM - rapid eye movement(draw wave)
• Dreaming sleep
– High sensory (color, taste, smell,
feel etc.)
– Dream in real time
– Most easily reported
– Lucid dreaming
– Can’t scream or run
– Fly
– Unrealistic at times
– 20% of sleep time
• We enter REM sleep about 5
times in an average 8 hour
period of sleep.
• If we assume that we dream
during each of these REM
periods, then in one year, we
will have had 1,825 dreams!
Continue REM
• Sleep paralysis or paradoxical
sleep.
–No muscle tone
–Why you can’t scream or run
–Dream visions
Continue REM
Theories of why REM is important.
– We learn to use our new dendrites that grew during
other stages of sleep.
– REM acts as a pilot light for the brain. (keeps us alive
without having to wake us up).
– Deal with problems and unconscious warnings.
– Where restoration occurs of brain and body.
-Get rid of what we don’t need and organizes
everything else, while the body is completely
relaxed.
REM REBOUND
• Very tired and have lacked sleep or REM
• Go and stay in REM
• Cat naps.
– Recover from lack of sleep/ REM quickly.
– Or it is a malfunction in the brain.
“Today sleep laboratories are
providing information that
points toward physical
explanations of many sleep
disorders that long were
thought to be psychological
problems.”
Dr. Richard Ferber director of the
Center for Pediatric Sleep Disorders
at Children’s Hospital in Boston.
SLEEP DISORDERS
A. Sleep Apnea
B. Sleep walking, talking and eating (video 2-4)
C. Insomnia
D. Restless leg syndrome and periodic limb
movement.
E. Night Terrors
F. Narcolepsy
G. REM disorder / No sleep paralysis or
very little REM.
SLEEP DISORDERS
• (WATCH VIDEO Psychology 2-5)
A third of the general
population has some sort
of sleep disorder”
• “
DREAMS
• Only in 1/5 of dreams will you
be alone.
• In 85% of dreams, an average of
2 characters appear.
• Females are usually indoors and
males are usually outdoors.
• The most common physical
setting for an adult’s dream
is an automobile.
• More people dream in color
than black and white
If you dream a dream that takes
place in your house the most
common areas to be in are in
order of popularity:





The living room
Bedroom
Basement
Bathroom
Dining room
Exploring the DREAM
world
I. Why do we dream?
A. Dreams are unconscious
wishes.
(Freud) – “all dreams
meaningful”
DREAMS AND FREUD
• According to Freud, a
young man who dreams
about wearing various
uniforms is preoccupied
with ?
Answer:
Nakedness
According to Freud
Which of the following symbols is NOT a
dream symbol for a women?
a. pair of shoes
b. an overcoat
c. an opera house
d. a table
ANSWER
An overcoat – this
is a male symbol
According to Freud
“Going away on a
journey” in a dream
symbolizes what?
Answer:
Dying
Why do we dream continued.
Dreams can be problem solvers(both emotional and actual)
(Stephen Laberg and Ann Faraday)
1. Problems solved in dream or
faced.
2. Warn us of problemsunconscious already knows.
Extra Sensory Perception
1. Tell the future.
2. Sense something
that happened without a
stimulus.
(Video 2-3)
By- Product of mental
housekeeping
1. Sorts, scans, and sifts
2. Aids dendrite use
3. “reverse learning”
4. Memory consolidation
Sleep – Nova Video
Productive Dreams
1. Rehearses learning
from the day
2. Helps in long-term
memory formation.
3.
(Video F6)
Dreams are not meaningful
1. Result of neurons firing
spontaneously in the lower
brain.
2. Then the cortex tries to
make sense of them.
No single theory
explains all facets
of dreams.
• Write one of your dreams on a
piece of paper. (No explanations)
• Identify how old you were when
you had the dream.
• Identify if it is a repeating dream.
• DO NOT PUT YOUR NAME ON
IT or any hints.
• Hand in your dream.
• You will receive a dream.
• Interpret it on the back of the
paper.
• Give the dream to someone else
to interpret. DO NOT READ THE
OTHER INTERPRETATION!
• Put Interpretation on front of
paper or a new sheet of paper.
• Now you can read both and hand
it in.
Journal entry:
Read the two interpretations of
your dream:

Are they the same or
different.

Do you agree with either
one? Why or why not?