Orexin/Hypocretin: A Neuropeptide at the Interface of Sleep, Energy
... 2005; Yoshida et al., 2006). These studies showed that orexin neurons are innervated by the lateral parabrachial nucleus, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), medial and lateral preoptic areas, basal forebrain (BF), posterior/dorsomedial hypothalamus, VTA, and median raphe nuclei. Many upstream ne ...
... 2005; Yoshida et al., 2006). These studies showed that orexin neurons are innervated by the lateral parabrachial nucleus, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), medial and lateral preoptic areas, basal forebrain (BF), posterior/dorsomedial hypothalamus, VTA, and median raphe nuclei. Many upstream ne ...
to eat or to sleep? orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness
... The regulation of sleep-wakefulness cycling within the context of circadian and environmental influences is critical for the efficient maintenance of energy homeostasis. In mammals, the sleep-wakefulness cycle can be divided into periods of waking, non-rapid-eye-movement (non-REM), and rapid-eye-mov ...
... The regulation of sleep-wakefulness cycling within the context of circadian and environmental influences is critical for the efficient maintenance of energy homeostasis. In mammals, the sleep-wakefulness cycle can be divided into periods of waking, non-rapid-eye-movement (non-REM), and rapid-eye-mov ...
Chemical Transmitters and Modulation of Sleep
... found that across the BF and the adjacent preoptic area, more cells including cholinergie neurons were active during waking than during sleep and thus contribute to generating a waking state. On the other hand, the proportion of c-Fos expressing neurons that were GABAergic was higher during sleep re ...
... found that across the BF and the adjacent preoptic area, more cells including cholinergie neurons were active during waking than during sleep and thus contribute to generating a waking state. On the other hand, the proportion of c-Fos expressing neurons that were GABAergic was higher during sleep re ...
The rat ponto-medullary network responsible for paradoxical
... In the middle of the last century, a series of historical observations lead to the discovery of a vigilance state in humans and other mammals paradoxically characterized by cortical activation and rapid eye movements, but associated with a complete disappearance of the muscle tone (Aserinsky and Kle ...
... In the middle of the last century, a series of historical observations lead to the discovery of a vigilance state in humans and other mammals paradoxically characterized by cortical activation and rapid eye movements, but associated with a complete disappearance of the muscle tone (Aserinsky and Kle ...
32 - Open-mind.net
... where sensory input by constraining the intrinsic functional states specifies, rather than informs, the brain of those properties of external reality that are important for survival. […] That consciousness is generated intrinsically is not difficult to understand when one considers the completeness ...
... where sensory input by constraining the intrinsic functional states specifies, rather than informs, the brain of those properties of external reality that are important for survival. […] That consciousness is generated intrinsically is not difficult to understand when one considers the completeness ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) play a pivotal role in the regulation of REM sleep and wakefulness. These areas are also strongly innervated by orexin neurons7,8). Microinjection of orexin-A into the LDT increases awake time and de ...
... neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) play a pivotal role in the regulation of REM sleep and wakefulness. These areas are also strongly innervated by orexin neurons7,8). Microinjection of orexin-A into the LDT increases awake time and de ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... these cells during wakefulness. Orexin neurons might activate another type of cholinergic neurons in the PPT and LDT, which are active in wakefulness as well as the REM-sleep period. Recent work also shows that orexin inhibits cholinergic neurons in the PPT via activation of GABAergic local interneu ...
... these cells during wakefulness. Orexin neurons might activate another type of cholinergic neurons in the PPT and LDT, which are active in wakefulness as well as the REM-sleep period. Recent work also shows that orexin inhibits cholinergic neurons in the PPT via activation of GABAergic local interneu ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... During 6-hours of sleep deprivation, the histamine release was constantly upregulated and comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal for ...
... During 6-hours of sleep deprivation, the histamine release was constantly upregulated and comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal for ...
Effect of Sleep on Vigilance, Short-Term Memory
... Although there are many debates about the need for sleep in the scientific community, no one really knows why humans sleep. Scholars have proposed a number of hypotheses in an attempt to explain the function of sleep. One theory is the restorative theory of sleep, which proposes that the body repair ...
... Although there are many debates about the need for sleep in the scientific community, no one really knows why humans sleep. Scholars have proposed a number of hypotheses in an attempt to explain the function of sleep. One theory is the restorative theory of sleep, which proposes that the body repair ...
Analysis of sleep spindles and model of their generation
... Sleep spindles are present in the sleep EEG from infancy throughout life until old age. Their morphology changes with age reflecting changes in brain connectivity. Spindles develop in humans at 6 weeks after birth at first at low amplitude, gradually increasing in amplitude but especially in duratio ...
... Sleep spindles are present in the sleep EEG from infancy throughout life until old age. Their morphology changes with age reflecting changes in brain connectivity. Spindles develop in humans at 6 weeks after birth at first at low amplitude, gradually increasing in amplitude but especially in duratio ...
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy
... the orexin system in the human sleep disorder narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is the only neurological disorder characterized by a primary disorganization of sleep and wakefulness. Patients with narcolepsy suffer from excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (a sudden weakening of posture muscle tone usually ...
... the orexin system in the human sleep disorder narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is the only neurological disorder characterized by a primary disorganization of sleep and wakefulness. Patients with narcolepsy suffer from excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (a sudden weakening of posture muscle tone usually ...
Serotonergic Integration of Circadian Clock and Ultradian Sleep
... Average of normalized MUA rhythms in the SCN (mean ⫾ SD, n ⫽ 6). The MUA at each time point was normalized by the total number of spikes before or after TSOI injection (2.5 days), and the MUAs were then averaged. Black/white bars, 12:12 h dark/light phase. B includes data from A (under light: dark c ...
... Average of normalized MUA rhythms in the SCN (mean ⫾ SD, n ⫽ 6). The MUA at each time point was normalized by the total number of spikes before or after TSOI injection (2.5 days), and the MUAs were then averaged. Black/white bars, 12:12 h dark/light phase. B includes data from A (under light: dark c ...
C-fos Expression in the Pons and Medulla of the Cat during
... horseradish peroxidase complex at a I: 100 dilution in TBS. The slides were then rinsed in TBS and peroxidase activity was visualized using equal parts 0.02% hydrogen peroxidase and 0. I % diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (Sigma) in TBS (pH 7.6) for 8-l 5 min. After a final three rinses (I 5 min ...
... horseradish peroxidase complex at a I: 100 dilution in TBS. The slides were then rinsed in TBS and peroxidase activity was visualized using equal parts 0.02% hydrogen peroxidase and 0. I % diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (Sigma) in TBS (pH 7.6) for 8-l 5 min. After a final three rinses (I 5 min ...
Csercsa Richárd
... sleep time and it is mainly characterized by fast movements of the eyes, desynchronized high-frequency EEG activity, muscle atonia, PGO waves (recorded from the pons, the geniculatum, and the occipital cortex), and theta frequency (4-10 Hz) oscillation in the hippocampal formation. Brain activity la ...
... sleep time and it is mainly characterized by fast movements of the eyes, desynchronized high-frequency EEG activity, muscle atonia, PGO waves (recorded from the pons, the geniculatum, and the occipital cortex), and theta frequency (4-10 Hz) oscillation in the hippocampal formation. Brain activity la ...
Changes in Monoamine Release in the Ventral Horn and
... and a reduction of muscle tone in the respiratory related musculature occur in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Previous studies have emphasized the role of glycine in generating these changes. Because the activity of norepinephrine- and serotonin-containing neurons is known to decrease in REM sleep, ...
... and a reduction of muscle tone in the respiratory related musculature occur in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Previous studies have emphasized the role of glycine in generating these changes. Because the activity of norepinephrine- and serotonin-containing neurons is known to decrease in REM sleep, ...
Modulation of Cortical Activation and Behavioral Arousal by
... FIGURE 1. Cholinergic, orexinergic, and other neurons involved in sleep–wake state control. Sagittal schematic view of the rat brain depicting neurons with their chemical neurotransmitters and pathways by which they influence cortical activity or behavior across the sleep–wake cycle. Wake (W) is cha ...
... FIGURE 1. Cholinergic, orexinergic, and other neurons involved in sleep–wake state control. Sagittal schematic view of the rat brain depicting neurons with their chemical neurotransmitters and pathways by which they influence cortical activity or behavior across the sleep–wake cycle. Wake (W) is cha ...
04 narc John neuron
... Noradrenergic, serotonergic, and histaminergic neurons are continuously active during waking, reduce discharge during NREM sleep, and cease discharge during REM sleep. Cataplexy, a symptom associated with narcolepsy, is a waking state in which muscle tone is lost, as it is in REM sleep, while enviro ...
... Noradrenergic, serotonergic, and histaminergic neurons are continuously active during waking, reduce discharge during NREM sleep, and cease discharge during REM sleep. Cataplexy, a symptom associated with narcolepsy, is a waking state in which muscle tone is lost, as it is in REM sleep, while enviro ...
Functional Neuroimaging Insights into the Physiology of Human Sleep
... a drop of brain activity during NREM sleep when compared to wakefulness.20-23,31 Quantitatively, this decrease has been estimated at around 40% during slow wave sleep (SWS; stages 3-4 NREM) compared to wakefulness.24 Regionally, reductions of brain activity were located in subcortical (brainstem, th ...
... a drop of brain activity during NREM sleep when compared to wakefulness.20-23,31 Quantitatively, this decrease has been estimated at around 40% during slow wave sleep (SWS; stages 3-4 NREM) compared to wakefulness.24 Regionally, reductions of brain activity were located in subcortical (brainstem, th ...
Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia
... remaining 5 cases in the medial medulla elicited contralateral inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. ...
... remaining 5 cases in the medial medulla elicited contralateral inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. ...
A Critical Period of Sleep for Development of Courtship Circuitry and
... sleep lost during the night in young and mature flies, using two forms of deprivation (mechanical and temperature). Mature flies exhibited large amounts of sleep loss, particularly with mechanical deprivation, but young flies were resistant (Fig. 1D). Increasing the intensity of mechanical stimulus ...
... sleep lost during the night in young and mature flies, using two forms of deprivation (mechanical and temperature). Mature flies exhibited large amounts of sleep loss, particularly with mechanical deprivation, but young flies were resistant (Fig. 1D). Increasing the intensity of mechanical stimulus ...
Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells form functionally
... oscillation (P < 0.0001, t test; Fig. 3). Together, these findings indicate that the entorhinal input can differentially activate superficial and deep subgroups of CA1 pyramidal cells during slow-wave sleep. We also investigated the relationship between sharp wave–ripple patterns28 and the depth of ...
... oscillation (P < 0.0001, t test; Fig. 3). Together, these findings indicate that the entorhinal input can differentially activate superficial and deep subgroups of CA1 pyramidal cells during slow-wave sleep. We also investigated the relationship between sharp wave–ripple patterns28 and the depth of ...
LESSON 4.3 WORKBOOK What makes us go to sleep, and what
... So what causes narcolepsy? Narcolepsy is a relatively uncommon condition — only one case per 2,500 people — but it is a great example of a defect in the flip-flop switch that controls the transition between wakefulness and sleep, particularly REM sleep. Narcoleptics have sleep attacks during the day ...
... So what causes narcolepsy? Narcolepsy is a relatively uncommon condition — only one case per 2,500 people — but it is a great example of a defect in the flip-flop switch that controls the transition between wakefulness and sleep, particularly REM sleep. Narcoleptics have sleep attacks during the day ...
Memory Processing in Relation to Sleep
... experience was shown to influence the content of hypnagogic hallucinations53 and of dreams collected on awakening from sleep stages54,55 on the postexposure night, although delayed incorporations of up to weeks have also been reported often.55 Noninvasive neuroimaging studies, especially using posit ...
... experience was shown to influence the content of hypnagogic hallucinations53 and of dreams collected on awakening from sleep stages54,55 on the postexposure night, although delayed incorporations of up to weeks have also been reported often.55 Noninvasive neuroimaging studies, especially using posit ...
A role for sleep in brain plasticity
... remodelling elicited by MD. Another study has shown that non-REM sleep electrical activity itself underwent changes as a consequence of waking experience during a late critical period (P30–60) in cats and mice [59]: dark-rearing induced during sleep a huge and reversible decrement of delta activity ...
... remodelling elicited by MD. Another study has shown that non-REM sleep electrical activity itself underwent changes as a consequence of waking experience during a late critical period (P30–60) in cats and mice [59]: dark-rearing induced during sleep a huge and reversible decrement of delta activity ...
What Keeps Us Awake: the Neuropharmacology of Stimulants and
... in the brain17 and their interaction with autonomic, neuroendocrine, and neuroregulatory systems18-25 strongly suggest they act as neuromodulators in a wide array of neural circuitry. They also have been implicated in the modulation of noradrenergic,20,26-28 cholinergic,29 serotonergic,30,31 histami ...
... in the brain17 and their interaction with autonomic, neuroendocrine, and neuroregulatory systems18-25 strongly suggest they act as neuromodulators in a wide array of neural circuitry. They also have been implicated in the modulation of noradrenergic,20,26-28 cholinergic,29 serotonergic,30,31 histami ...