Beyond dreams: do sleep-related movements
... persists despite the fact that twitching is unaffected in infants and adults when the cortex is disconnected from the brainstem. In 1966, Roffwarg and colleagues introduced the ontogenetic hypothesis, which addressed the preponderance of active sleep in early infancy. This hypothesis posited that th ...
... persists despite the fact that twitching is unaffected in infants and adults when the cortex is disconnected from the brainstem. In 1966, Roffwarg and colleagues introduced the ontogenetic hypothesis, which addressed the preponderance of active sleep in early infancy. This hypothesis posited that th ...
Yale Review of Undergraduate Research in
... different neurological structures. The most important division is between declarative and non-declarative memory. Declarative memories are memories that a subject can explicitly describe, such as a past event, or the meaning of a word or concept; non-declarative memories are memories that cannot be ...
... different neurological structures. The most important division is between declarative and non-declarative memory. Declarative memories are memories that a subject can explicitly describe, such as a past event, or the meaning of a word or concept; non-declarative memories are memories that cannot be ...
Sleep duration varies as a function of glutamate and GABA in rat
... PnO receives glutamatergic and GABAergic projections from many brain regions that regulate behavioral state. Indirect, pharmacological evidence has suggested that glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling within the PnO alters traits that characterize wakefulness and sleep. No previous studies have simu ...
... PnO receives glutamatergic and GABAergic projections from many brain regions that regulate behavioral state. Indirect, pharmacological evidence has suggested that glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling within the PnO alters traits that characterize wakefulness and sleep. No previous studies have simu ...
Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
... (Ritalin), a catecholamine agonist (Vgontzas and Kales, 1999). The REM sleep phenomena (cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations) have traditionally been treated with antidepressant drugs, which facilitate both serotonergic and noradrenergic activity. ...
... (Ritalin), a catecholamine agonist (Vgontzas and Kales, 1999). The REM sleep phenomena (cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations) have traditionally been treated with antidepressant drugs, which facilitate both serotonergic and noradrenergic activity. ...
basic mechanisms of sleep
... the more specific organization of those systems in the control of the alternation of wake, non–rapid eye movement (NREM), and REM sleep. Although the main focus of the chapter is on the our own model of reciprocal aminergic-cholinergic interaction, we review new data suggesting the involvement of ma ...
... the more specific organization of those systems in the control of the alternation of wake, non–rapid eye movement (NREM), and REM sleep. Although the main focus of the chapter is on the our own model of reciprocal aminergic-cholinergic interaction, we review new data suggesting the involvement of ma ...
A mathematical model on REM-NREM cycle
... the body, which interact together and balance each other. This model, first posited by the Swiss sleep researcher Alexander Borbely in the early 1980s, is often referred to as the two-process model of sleep-wake regulation. The two processes are: • circadian rhythm, also known as Process C, the reg ...
... the body, which interact together and balance each other. This model, first posited by the Swiss sleep researcher Alexander Borbely in the early 1980s, is often referred to as the two-process model of sleep-wake regulation. The two processes are: • circadian rhythm, also known as Process C, the reg ...
Hypocretin-2-Saporin Lesions of the Lateral Hypothalamus Produce
... Sprague Dawley rats (Shiromani et al., 2000), and this duration was also observed in the saline-treated rats in the present study (Table 2). In addition to these electrophysiological criteria, a behavioral determination of a SOREM P was made when the videotape showed that the rat was lying down, had ...
... Sprague Dawley rats (Shiromani et al., 2000), and this duration was also observed in the saline-treated rats in the present study (Table 2). In addition to these electrophysiological criteria, a behavioral determination of a SOREM P was made when the videotape showed that the rat was lying down, had ...
D27 - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... - dominant rhythm in awake state at rest (with mind wandering and eyes closed). most marked in PARIETO-OCCIPITAL area. regular 8-12 Hz, 20-100 μV waves; normal frequency is age dependent (if frequency is less than normal for age group – it is abnormality!) amplitude often waxes and wanes over ...
... - dominant rhythm in awake state at rest (with mind wandering and eyes closed). most marked in PARIETO-OCCIPITAL area. regular 8-12 Hz, 20-100 μV waves; normal frequency is age dependent (if frequency is less than normal for age group – it is abnormality!) amplitude often waxes and wanes over ...
Chapter 19: Brain Rhythms and Sleep
... enhance waking state; active at end of REM cycle – Cholinergic neurons: enhance REM events; active during waking; may initiate REM cycles – Diffuse modulatory system control rhythmic behaviors of thalamus controls cortical EEG sensory input flow to cortex blocked by slowed thalamic rhythms – Activ ...
... enhance waking state; active at end of REM cycle – Cholinergic neurons: enhance REM events; active during waking; may initiate REM cycles – Diffuse modulatory system control rhythmic behaviors of thalamus controls cortical EEG sensory input flow to cortex blocked by slowed thalamic rhythms – Activ ...
Folie 1 - uni-tuebingen.de
... LC, SNpc/VTA, Raphe N., whole arousal system widely into the brain stem ...
... LC, SNpc/VTA, Raphe N., whole arousal system widely into the brain stem ...
Conscious Modulation in Normal Sleep
... [1]. From clinical point of view unconsciousness is characterized by a lack of response to external stimuli, which is observed in coma and deep anesthesia. However, in slow wave sleep there is also a loss of consciousness. The brain reduces the reactivity related to both internal as well as some ext ...
... [1]. From clinical point of view unconsciousness is characterized by a lack of response to external stimuli, which is observed in coma and deep anesthesia. However, in slow wave sleep there is also a loss of consciousness. The brain reduces the reactivity related to both internal as well as some ext ...
Reticular formation
... REM sleep behaviour disorder:Studies conducted showed pedunculopontine nucleus , latero dorso tegmental nucleus (LDTN) and several pontine nuclei influence wake-sleep states .In REM sleep without atonia, lesions to locus ceruleus disrupt the excitatory connection to mangocellular column disable the ...
... REM sleep behaviour disorder:Studies conducted showed pedunculopontine nucleus , latero dorso tegmental nucleus (LDTN) and several pontine nuclei influence wake-sleep states .In REM sleep without atonia, lesions to locus ceruleus disrupt the excitatory connection to mangocellular column disable the ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... twitches in spinal musculature. In contrast, phasic muscle twitches in the masseter muscles may be driven by glutamatergic neurons in the rostral parvicellular reticular nucleus (PCRt); however, the brain regions responsible for generating phasic twitches in other cranial muscles, including facial m ...
... twitches in spinal musculature. In contrast, phasic muscle twitches in the masseter muscles may be driven by glutamatergic neurons in the rostral parvicellular reticular nucleus (PCRt); however, the brain regions responsible for generating phasic twitches in other cranial muscles, including facial m ...
5. Ruiz G., en Homeopathy Jorurnal, 91, 80-84 (2002)
... 1 Potentization of homeopathic medicines by successive dilutions and succussion at each step is interpreted in terms of stochastic resonance, a non-linear response of certain systems when perturbed by noise and a weak periodic signal, which increasingly enhanced at the output as the magnitude of the ...
... 1 Potentization of homeopathic medicines by successive dilutions and succussion at each step is interpreted in terms of stochastic resonance, a non-linear response of certain systems when perturbed by noise and a weak periodic signal, which increasingly enhanced at the output as the magnitude of the ...
Subconscious Stimulus Recognition and Processing During
... Data, supporting the suggestion that auditory information processing continued while persons were asleep, were also obtained by Kállai, Harsh, & Voss (2003). These authors found attention enhancing mechanisms in sleep. The large amplitude N350 component, regarded as an obvious and reliable indicator ...
... Data, supporting the suggestion that auditory information processing continued while persons were asleep, were also obtained by Kállai, Harsh, & Voss (2003). These authors found attention enhancing mechanisms in sleep. The large amplitude N350 component, regarded as an obvious and reliable indicator ...
This Week in The Journal Cellular/Molecular The N-Terminal Portion of A 
... represents the EEG state of the forebrain during a single recording epoch. A Voronoi decomposition partitions the state space into individual cells, each enclosing a single point; cell area is inversely proportional to local point density (coded by color). Two clusters are visible. The top left clus ...
... represents the EEG state of the forebrain during a single recording epoch. A Voronoi decomposition partitions the state space into individual cells, each enclosing a single point; cell area is inversely proportional to local point density (coded by color). Two clusters are visible. The top left clus ...
Mechanisms of Sleep Control - UCLA Integrative Center for
... activity in the brainstem reticular formation is reduced from waking levels to the lowest levels that occur during the sleep-wake cycle (Siegel, 1979). In the cerebral cortex, unit discharge rates are also reduced in NREM sleep. There is a profound fall in blood flow, correlated with decreased gluco ...
... activity in the brainstem reticular formation is reduced from waking levels to the lowest levels that occur during the sleep-wake cycle (Siegel, 1979). In the cerebral cortex, unit discharge rates are also reduced in NREM sleep. There is a profound fall in blood flow, correlated with decreased gluco ...
Hypocretinergic Neurons are Primarily involved in Activation
... that dense concentrations of hypocretin-containing axon terminals are located in areas that initiate and/or maintain wakefulness, such as the noradrenergic locus coeruleus and the histaminergic tuberomammilary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus. Hypocretin exerts an excitatory effect on these and ...
... that dense concentrations of hypocretin-containing axon terminals are located in areas that initiate and/or maintain wakefulness, such as the noradrenergic locus coeruleus and the histaminergic tuberomammilary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus. Hypocretin exerts an excitatory effect on these and ...
Sleep and Biological Rhythms - University of South Alabama
... be produced in the brain and act in the brain. If some cells in the brain are very active they exceed the available supply of glucose, and begin to metabolize ___________ which is supplied by astrocytes. The metabolism of glycogen causes an increase in adenosine. The accumulation of adenosine increa ...
... be produced in the brain and act in the brain. If some cells in the brain are very active they exceed the available supply of glucose, and begin to metabolize ___________ which is supplied by astrocytes. The metabolism of glycogen causes an increase in adenosine. The accumulation of adenosine increa ...
Pacifier Use May Decrease the Risk of SIDS Abstract Introduction
... In this context, we would expect to find gliosis; leukomalacia; brain hypoplasia; increased substance P levels; and decreased levels of serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, histamine, and orexin levels. One important factor is sleep position. In the prone position, every breath requir ...
... In this context, we would expect to find gliosis; leukomalacia; brain hypoplasia; increased substance P levels; and decreased levels of serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, histamine, and orexin levels. One important factor is sleep position. In the prone position, every breath requir ...
Low Quality
... of brain waves. Stage one, marking the transition between awake and asleep, is shallow. Stage two, which lasts the longest, features two forms of brain waves known as spindles and K-complexes (SN Online: 5/21/09). Stages three and four are the deepest, often referred to collectively as slow-wave sle ...
... of brain waves. Stage one, marking the transition between awake and asleep, is shallow. Stage two, which lasts the longest, features two forms of brain waves known as spindles and K-complexes (SN Online: 5/21/09). Stages three and four are the deepest, often referred to collectively as slow-wave sle ...
Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes
... Cyclic crescendo-decrescendo respiratory effort and airflow during wakefulness and sleep, without upper airway obstruction If decrescendo effort is accompanied by apnea during sleep, it is a type of central sleep apnea syndrome Mainly seen is stage N1 and N2 sleep Cycle time – 60-90 seconds (longer ...
... Cyclic crescendo-decrescendo respiratory effort and airflow during wakefulness and sleep, without upper airway obstruction If decrescendo effort is accompanied by apnea during sleep, it is a type of central sleep apnea syndrome Mainly seen is stage N1 and N2 sleep Cycle time – 60-90 seconds (longer ...
How the Human Brain Developed and How the Human Mind Works
... Day and night alternate over 24 hours due to the rotation of the planet, and the start and length of daylight varies with the seasons. So internal biological clocks (controllers) evolved for controlling activities related to the environment such as those of cold-blooded animals which need to maintai ...
... Day and night alternate over 24 hours due to the rotation of the planet, and the start and length of daylight varies with the seasons. So internal biological clocks (controllers) evolved for controlling activities related to the environment such as those of cold-blooded animals which need to maintai ...
Rapid eye movement sleep promotes cortical
... In summary, we find that REM sleep plays an important role in enhancing experience-dependent plasticity in the developing cerebral cortex of cats. These findings support a long-standing hypothesis that REM sleep in early life promotes circuit formation (2). Our findings suggest that REM sleep achiev ...
... In summary, we find that REM sleep plays an important role in enhancing experience-dependent plasticity in the developing cerebral cortex of cats. These findings support a long-standing hypothesis that REM sleep in early life promotes circuit formation (2). Our findings suggest that REM sleep achiev ...