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Chapter 8
Sleep and Biological Rhythms
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•Chapter 8 Outline
•A Physiological and Behavioral Description of Sleep
•Disorders of Sleep
•Why Do We Sleep
•Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
•Biological Clocks
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A physiological and behavioral description of sleep
• EEG –gross patterns of brain waves involving
_____________. Used to define ____________.
• Electromyogram (EMG)
• An electrical potential recorded from an electrode
placed on a _________.
• Electro-oculogram (EOG)
• An electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by
means of electrodes placed on the skin around them;
detects eye movements.
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EEG
 Measures gross activity of large
numbers of neurons.
 High-amplitude waves (stage 4) indicate
that more neurons are firing in a
_________________.
 Sleep cycle lasts about _____________.
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A physiological and behavioral description of sleep
• Wakefulness
• ______________ activity
• A smooth electrical activity of 8–12 Hz recorded from
the brain; generally associated with a state of
__________________________.
• __________ activity
• Irregular electrical activity of 13–30 Hz recorded from
the brain; generally associated with a state of
_________.
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•
A physiological and behavioral description of sleep
• ____________ activity
• EEG activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently
during early stages of _____________________.
• Stage of transition from ______________________.
• ___________ activity
• Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than
4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the
_______________________________.
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•
A physiological and behavioral description of sleep
• _________sleep
• A period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep,
at which time
__________________________________________
_________________________________________.
• Non-REM sleep
• All stages of sleep except REM sleep.
• Slow-wave sleep
• Non-REM sleep, characterized by synchronized EEG
activity during deeper stages.
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Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
Minutes
of
Stage 4
and
REM
Decreasing
Stage 4
25
20
15
Increasing
REM
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
Hours of sleep
6
7
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A physiological and behavioral description of sleep
• Basic rest-activity cycle
• A 90-minute cycle (in humans) of
_________________________________________,
controlled by a biological clock in the caudal brain
stem; controls cycles of REM sleep and
slow-wave sleep.
If awaken during REM or stage 1 sleep, the subject
feels __________.
If awaken during slow-wave sleep the subjects feels
________________.
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Sleeping Like a Baby
 Good sleep quality requires
________________________________
______________________________.
 In older adults - sleep tends to be
shallower and more fragmented and the
restorative effect of sleep is reduced.
This is associated with reduced levels of
stage ___ sleep.
Stage 4 Sleep
 Quick transition from stage 1 to stage 4.
 A stage 4 bout typically lasts for ___minutes.
 Characterized by
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
 If awakened in stage 4 the subject feels
disoriented.
 Pulse of ________________ is released in the
first two bouts of stage 4 sleep. May play a
role in ____________________.
REM Sleep
 Also called _____________ sleep – breathing
is more shallow, heart rate and blood
pressure are variable, eeg pattern is similar
to the awake state, the large postural
muscles are __________, increased genital
blood flow.
 Duration of REM bout ______________ over
successive sleep cycles.
 If awakened during REM the subject is NOT
disoriented.
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Disorders of Sleep
• Insomnia
• Reported to affect approximately ___% of the
population occasionally, and __% regularly.
• There appears to be no single definition of insomnia.
• One of the most important causes of insomnia seems
to be sleeping medication.
• Insomnia is not a disease but
__________________________________________
__________________________________________.
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Disorders of Sleep
• Insomnia
• The goal of sleep medications should be to make the
person more ___________ the next day.
• Most medications produce ______________________.
• Most medications disturb the normal proportion of all
sleep stages (subjects may be REM deprived).
• Improved drugs are being developed.
• Sleep apnea
• Cessation of _______________while sleeping. Subject
wakes up to breathe.
• Many cases of apnea are caused by airway obstruction,
and can be treated.
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•
Disorders of Sleep
• Narcolepsy
• Narcolepsy
• A sleep disorder characterized by periods of
__________________, attacks of cataplexy, sleep
paralysis, and hypnagogic _____________.
• Sleep attack
• A symptom of narcolepsy; an irresistible urge to sleep
during the day, after which the person awakes feeling
refreshed.
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•
Disorders of Sleep
• Narcolepsy
• Cataplexy
• A symptom of narcolepsy; complete __________that
occurs during waking.
• Sleep paralysis
• A symptom of narcolepsy; paralysis occurring
______________________________________.
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•
Disorders of Sleep
• Narcolepsy
• Hypnagogic hallucination
• A symptom of narcolepsy; ______________that
occur just before a person falls asleep; accompanied
by sleep paralysis.
• Hypocretin
• A peptide, also known as orexin, produced by
neurons whose cell bodies are located in the
hypothalamus; ____________________________.
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•
Disorders of Sleep
• REM sleep behavior disorder
• REM sleep behavior disorder
• A neurological disorder in which
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
________________________________________.
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•
Disorders of Sleep
• Problems associated with slow-wave sleep
• These occur _______________
• Nocturnal enuresis
• Bedwetting
• Somnambulism
• Sleepwalking
• Pavor nocturnus
• Night terrors
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Disorders of Sleep
• Problems associated with slow-wave sleep
• Sleep-related eating disorder
• A disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed
and seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking,
usually without _________________________.
• TV host Montel Williams has this disorder.
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Why do we sleep?
• Most researchers believe the function of slow-wave
sleep is to permit the brain to ______.
• REM sleep appears to promote brain development
and ____________, but how it might do so is not yet
understood.
• The brain tends to
__________________________________________
_________________________________________.
• Some individuals tend to sleep better if they increase
their _______________.
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Why do we sleep?
• Functions of slow-wave sleep
• Sleep is a universal phenomenon among vertebrates.
• Only
__________________________________________
_________________________________________.
• Sleep appears to be essential to survival.
• One cerebral hemisphere sleeps __________ in the
bottlenose dolphin and porpoise.
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In dolphins, the two hemispheres sleep _______________________
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Why do we sleep?
• Effects of sleep deprivation
• Sleep appears to be a necessity of life.
• Restorative effects of sleep appear to be more
important for the brain then the rest of the body.
• Deprivation does not appear to interfere with ability to
perform ________________.
• There is no evidence of a physiological stress
response to sleep deprivation.
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Why do we sleep?
• Effects of sleep deprivation
• Studies have reported
__________________________________________
____________________________________.
• Research suggests that the brain is resting during
slow-wave sleep.
• Mental activity during the day appears to simulate
_____________ slow-wave sleep at night.
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Why do we sleep?
• Fatal familial insomnia
• A fatal inherited disorder that results in damage to
portions of the ______________; characterized by
progressive _____________.
• Related to mad cow disease.
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Why do we sleep?
• Functions of REM sleep
• Rebound phenomenon
• The increased frequency or intensity of a
phenomenon after it has been temporarily
suppressed; for example, the increase in REM sleep
seen after a period of REM sleep ____________.
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REM Rebound
 If deprived of REM _____________________________________
_____________________________________
 If permitted to sleep subjects rush into REM
sleep and experience longer REM bouts.
 Subjects report vivid dreams when REM
deprived.
 Schizophrenics show fewer ___________
than normals, and no REM rebound effect.
Function of REM
___________ people engage in less REM compared
to normal subjects.
________ subjects engage in more REM than
normal subjects.
Animals deprived of REM after a training session
______________________.
Animals spend ________ time in REM when they
are learning most rapidly.
REM is associated with __________.
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Sleep Across the Lifespan
Sleep & Aging
 The highest proportion of REM is seen
________________________________
________________________________.
 Infants sleep 16 hours a day, about
_______% of this is in REM sleep.
 5 year olds sleep about ___hours a day,
and the total hours of REM sleep
matched that of adults.
 60 year olds sleep about __ hours a
day.
Sleep occurs when a specific neural
circuit __________________.
If sleep is controlled by chemicals, these chemicals must
be produced in the brain and act in the brain.
If some cells in the brain are very active they exceed the
available supply of glucose, and begin to metabolize
___________ which is supplied by astrocytes. The
metabolism of glycogen causes an increase in adenosine.
The accumulation of adenosine increases the amount of
_______________________________.
Adenosine plays a role in sleep regulation.
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•
Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
• Neural control of arousal
• Acetylcholine
• One of the most important neurotransmitters involved
in arousal.
• Two groups of acetylcholinergic neurons located in
the pons and basal forebrain produce activation and
cortical ______________ when they are stimulated
(wakefulness).
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•
Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
• Neural control of arousal
• Norepinephrine
• Catecholamine agonists produce arousal and
sleeplessness; effects appear to be mediated by the
locus coeruleus in the dorsal pons.
• ____________________ stimulate NE activity.
• Locus coeruleus
• A dark color group of noradrenergic cell bodies
located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of
the fourth ventricle; involved in arousal and vigilance.
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Major noradrenergic neurons active during __________
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Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
• Neural control of arousal
• Serotonin (5-HT)
• Appears to play a role in activating behavior; almost
all of the brain’s serotonergic neurons are found in the
raphe nucleus. These neurons are located in the
medullary and pontine regions of the brain.
• Raphe nucleus
• A group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of
the medulla, pons, and midbrain, situated along the
midline; contains serotonergic neurons.
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Major serotonergic neurons active during wakefulness
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Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
• Neural control of arousal
• Histamine
• A neurotransmitter implicated in the control of
wakefulness and arousal; a compound synthesized
from histidine, an amino acid.
Most ________________cause __________and they
do this by blocking histamine receptors.
• Tuberomammillary nucleus
• A nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus, just
rostral to the mammillary bodies; contains
histaminergic neurons involved in cortical activation
and behavioral arousal.
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Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
• Neural control of arousal
• ______________
• A peptide also known as orexin, produced by neurons
whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus;
their destruction causes _____________.
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Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
• Neural control of slow-wave sleep
• Ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPA)
• A group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area
whose activity _____________alertness and behavioral
arousal and promotes ___________.
• Destruction of this area has been reported to result
__________________________________________.
Flip-flop on – subject is awake, flip-flop off – subject in slow
wave sleep.
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_____state
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_____state
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Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
•
As subjects age there is a ____________in the
number of ___________receptors, and this may
account for the decrement in the amount of time
older adults spend in slow wave sleep.
• Neural control of REM sleep
• PGO wave (pontine, geniculate, occipital):
• Bursts of phasic electrical activity originating in the
pons, followed by activity in the lateral geniculate
nucleus and visual cortex, a characteristic of REM
sleep.
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Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
• The executive mechanism
• Neurons in the dorsal pons secrete ACh, and this
activation stimulates _____ sleep.
• Peribrachial area
• The region around the brachium conjunctivum, located
in the dorsolateral pons; contains acetylcholinergic
neurons involved in the _____________________.
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Ach neurons in
peribrachial area
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The increase in firing rate of REM-ON cells produces REM sleep
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Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
• The executive mechanism
• Medial pontine reticular formation (MPRF)
• A region that contains neurons involved in the
initiation of REM sleep; activated by acetylcholinergic
neurons of the peribrachial area.
• Magnocellular nucleus
• A nucleus in the medulla; involved in the __________
(____________________) that accompanies REM
sleep.
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ACh activation
stimulates the
brain areas
responsible for
all the
components of
REM sleep.
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•
REM sleep
•
Neurons from the magnocellular nucleus form
inhibitory synapses with motor neurons – preventing
subjects from ________________.
•
Because our brains keep us paralyzed and inactive, it
suggests that __________________of behavior may
be important in helping us
________________________________________.
The subject does not move except for a few harmless
_____________.
•
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REM sleep inhibition is controlled by NE and serotonin
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Biological Clocks
• A ___________ must control the cycles of REM and
slow wave sleep.
• Circadian rhythms and zeitgebers
• Circadian rhythm
(24 – 25 hours)
• A daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological
process.
• Zeitgebers
• A stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that resets the
biological clock responsible for circadian rhythms.
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Biological Clocks
• The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
• Suprachiasmatic nucleus
• A nucleus situated atop the optic chiasm. It contains a
_______________ responsible for organizing many of the
body’s circadian rhythms.
• ______________
• A photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina
whose axons transmit information to the SCN, the
thalamus, and the olivary pretectal nuclei. Reset the
biological clock.
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Suprachiasmic nucleus
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Retina ganglion
cells containing
melanopsin
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Biological Clocks
• The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
• Each neurons in the SCN appears to have its own
_______________
• Advanced sleep phase syndrome
• A 4-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature
cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene
caused by (per2) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of
the SCN.
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Biological Clocks
• The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
• Delayed sleep phase syndrome
• A 4-hour delay in rhythms of sleep and temperature
cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene
caused by (per3) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of
the SCN.
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Biological Clocks
• Control of seasonal rhythms: The pineal gland
and melatonin
• ________________
• A gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces
melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal
rhythms.
• ______________
• A hormone secreted during the night by the pineal
body; plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms.
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Melatonin
• Melatonin secretion from the pineal gland exhibits a
•
circadian rhythm with peak secretion occurring just
_________________.
The administration of melatonin just before bedtime
helps reduce the adverse effects of jet lag and shift
work. It also helps synchronize circadian rhythms
_______________________________________.
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Sleeping Pills
 Sleeping pills are one of the major
causes of insomnia.
 Pills may be ______________.
 Pills may prevent normal _________
bouts.
 Establishing adequate exercise levels
reduces the need for sleeping pills.
•
Current Sleep Medications
• Ambien – short term insomnia (sedative)
• Side effects – allergic reactions: difficulty breathing,
swelling of the face, lips and tongue.
• Memory impairments – subjects have no memory of
driving, making phone calls or eating.
• Avoid use if you have a history of kidney disease, liver
disease, lung disease, sleep apnea, depression, drug or
alcohol addiction.
• Withdrawal – nausea, anxiety, panic, seizures.
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Current Sleep Medications
• Lunesta – bad taste,
headache, drowsiness,
urinary tract infections, dry mouth, dizziness,
heartburn, pain, nausea, accidental injury, breast
enlargement (in men), chest pain, anxiety, suicidal
thoughts, confusion, strange behavior, heightened
aggression, depression, hallucinations.
• Withdrawal – abnormal dreams, anxiety, sweating,
nausea, panic attack, seizures.
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Sleeping Like a Baby
 Good sleep quality requires adequate
amounts of _______________.
 In older adults - sleep tends to be
shallower and more fragmented and the
restorative effect of sleep is reduced.
This is associated with reduced levels of
stage 4 sleep.
Establish and Defend
Your Sleep Cycle
 Learning disorders are associated with
irregular sleep patterns.
 Behavioral disorders are associated with
irregular sleep patterns.
 Memory disorders may be associated with
irregular sleep patterns (high rates of protein
synthesis during REM sleep, and pulses of
growth hormone are associated with slow
wave sleep).