Physiology of the Mammalian Circadian System
... have the functional retinal photoreceptors been identified as a unique subset of melanopsin-containing ganglion cells. Embedded in the hypothalamus are the bilaterally paired suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), first identified in the early 1970s as critical for the normal expression of circadian rhythms, ...
... have the functional retinal photoreceptors been identified as a unique subset of melanopsin-containing ganglion cells. Embedded in the hypothalamus are the bilaterally paired suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), first identified in the early 1970s as critical for the normal expression of circadian rhythms, ...
Analysis of sleep spindles and model of their generation
... 2.6 Topographic distribution of relation between sleep spindles amplitude and frequency. Each dot corresponds to one spindle. Positions of plots correspond to arrangement of electrodes in 10/20 system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Topographical distribution of sleep spindle ...
... 2.6 Topographic distribution of relation between sleep spindles amplitude and frequency. Each dot corresponds to one spindle. Positions of plots correspond to arrangement of electrodes in 10/20 system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Topographical distribution of sleep spindle ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... sleep, e.g., rat, chimpanzee and cow spend about 14, 10 and 4 h respectively in total sleep per day that includes 2.0, 1.5 and 0.76 h of REM sleep, respectively13. It has also been found that predators (such as cats) are usually good sleepers as compared to prey species (e.g., rabbit) with REM sleep ...
... sleep, e.g., rat, chimpanzee and cow spend about 14, 10 and 4 h respectively in total sleep per day that includes 2.0, 1.5 and 0.76 h of REM sleep, respectively13. It has also been found that predators (such as cats) are usually good sleepers as compared to prey species (e.g., rabbit) with REM sleep ...
A role for sleep in brain plasticity
... synchronized bursting in thalamocortical circuits, transient increases of intra-cellular calcium and, in some mammals, the release of somatotropins [13,55,56]. A role for non-REM sleep in developmental cortical plasticity is suggested by maturational changes in non-REM sleep that coincide with perio ...
... synchronized bursting in thalamocortical circuits, transient increases of intra-cellular calcium and, in some mammals, the release of somatotropins [13,55,56]. A role for non-REM sleep in developmental cortical plasticity is suggested by maturational changes in non-REM sleep that coincide with perio ...
REM Sleep - Test Page
... events might correspond to REM sleep twitches and which might be the cetacean equivalent of myoclonic jerks occurring in non-REM sleep is a difficult task. What is already clear is that very few such jerks occur, on the order of 10 to f 00 per day, compared with approximately 3000 in the rat. If the ...
... events might correspond to REM sleep twitches and which might be the cetacean equivalent of myoclonic jerks occurring in non-REM sleep is a difficult task. What is already clear is that very few such jerks occur, on the order of 10 to f 00 per day, compared with approximately 3000 in the rat. If the ...
basic mechanisms of sleep
... and its agonists inhibit mesopontine cholinergic cells as well as REM sleep itself. For example, 5-HT has been shown both to hyperpolarize rat cholinergic LDT cells in vitro (10) and to reduce REM sleep percentage in vivo (43). Experimentally administered 5-HT has also been shown to suppress specifi ...
... and its agonists inhibit mesopontine cholinergic cells as well as REM sleep itself. For example, 5-HT has been shown both to hyperpolarize rat cholinergic LDT cells in vitro (10) and to reduce REM sleep percentage in vivo (43). Experimentally administered 5-HT has also been shown to suppress specifi ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... in a reduction in REM sleep amounts (Shouse and Siegel, 1992). It has also been well established that this region contains a population of neurons firing only during REM sleep (REM-on or PS-on neurons) (Sakai et al., 1981, 2001; Sakai, 1986, 1988; Sakai and Koyama, 1996). These REM-on neurons are co ...
... in a reduction in REM sleep amounts (Shouse and Siegel, 1992). It has also been well established that this region contains a population of neurons firing only during REM sleep (REM-on or PS-on neurons) (Sakai et al., 1981, 2001; Sakai, 1986, 1988; Sakai and Koyama, 1996). These REM-on neurons are co ...
Functional Neuroimaging Insights into the Physiology of Human Sleep
... More recent neuroimaging studies have addressed the correlates of phasic neural events that build up the architecture of sleep stages. These studies are based on the assumption that brain activity during a specific stage of sleep is not constant and homogeneous over time, but is structured by sponta ...
... More recent neuroimaging studies have addressed the correlates of phasic neural events that build up the architecture of sleep stages. These studies are based on the assumption that brain activity during a specific stage of sleep is not constant and homogeneous over time, but is structured by sponta ...
Csercsa Richárd
... In humans the two main types of sleep are Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and NonRapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep. NREM can be further divided into three or four stages which go from light to deep sleep. During the night, these stages follow each other in a more or less determined manner, which can be descr ...
... In humans the two main types of sleep are Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and NonRapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep. NREM can be further divided into three or four stages which go from light to deep sleep. During the night, these stages follow each other in a more or less determined manner, which can be descr ...
Electrophysiological markers of Rapid Eye Movements in
... REMs also occur during certain stages of sleep Ocular movements are not only a predominant features of wakefulness, they are also observed in sleep (Aserinsky and Kleitman 1953) and are indeed used to define and categorize sleep stages: Rapid Eye Movements (REM) and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sle ...
... REMs also occur during certain stages of sleep Ocular movements are not only a predominant features of wakefulness, they are also observed in sleep (Aserinsky and Kleitman 1953) and are indeed used to define and categorize sleep stages: Rapid Eye Movements (REM) and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sle ...
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
... Drugs that increase DA signaling are used frequently to improve excessive daytime sleepiness. Classical stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine increase extracellular levels of DA by disrupting the function of the DA transporter (DAT), thereby increasing extracellular levels of DA (Figure ...
... Drugs that increase DA signaling are used frequently to improve excessive daytime sleepiness. Classical stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine increase extracellular levels of DA by disrupting the function of the DA transporter (DAT), thereby increasing extracellular levels of DA (Figure ...
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and
... aggregation whose neurons are slightly larger and more darkly stained than those in the adjacent preoptic region but smaller and less darkly stained than those in supraoptic neurons. However, in lesioned animals these distinctions can be difficult. Furthermore, the V L PO is surrounded by other Niss ...
... aggregation whose neurons are slightly larger and more darkly stained than those in the adjacent preoptic region but smaller and less darkly stained than those in supraoptic neurons. However, in lesioned animals these distinctions can be difficult. Furthermore, the V L PO is surrounded by other Niss ...
sleep disturbances associated with neuropsychiatric disease
... disorders. Over time, interest shifted to defining the neurobiology of mental disorders. In this service, EEG sleep staging became a tool to be used in either diagnosis or validation of the biological nature of mental disorders. A second, nonpsychiatric, line of investigation during this time concer ...
... disorders. Over time, interest shifted to defining the neurobiology of mental disorders. In this service, EEG sleep staging became a tool to be used in either diagnosis or validation of the biological nature of mental disorders. A second, nonpsychiatric, line of investigation during this time concer ...
Author`s personal copy - Sleep, Stress, and Memory Lab
... subjects performed differently depending on whether the 12-hour interval was spent sleeping or awake. When trained in the morning and retested 12 hours later, only an additional nonsignificant 4% improvement was seen in performance, but when tested again the next morning, a large and robust (14%) im ...
... subjects performed differently depending on whether the 12-hour interval was spent sleeping or awake. When trained in the morning and retested 12 hours later, only an additional nonsignificant 4% improvement was seen in performance, but when tested again the next morning, a large and robust (14%) im ...
Serotonergic Integration of Circadian Clock and Ultradian Sleep
... Figure 2. Persistent SCN oscillations in the absence of a diurnal sleep–wake rhythm upon acute depletion of brain 5-HT. A, The SCN circadian MUA is preserved under constant darkness, whereas the circadian sleep rhythm and locomotor activity are severely disrupted following 5-HT depletion (arrowheads ...
... Figure 2. Persistent SCN oscillations in the absence of a diurnal sleep–wake rhythm upon acute depletion of brain 5-HT. A, The SCN circadian MUA is preserved under constant darkness, whereas the circadian sleep rhythm and locomotor activity are severely disrupted following 5-HT depletion (arrowheads ...
Why We Sleep: The Temporal Organization of
... increased sleep (sleep rebound) after sleep deprivation. During NREM sleep recovery, delta power decreases exponentially with time, tracking the dissipation of the behavioral sleep debt. REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. has been proposed [1,19,23]: rapid reversibility (as opposed to hibe ...
... increased sleep (sleep rebound) after sleep deprivation. During NREM sleep recovery, delta power decreases exponentially with time, tracking the dissipation of the behavioral sleep debt. REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. has been proposed [1,19,23]: rapid reversibility (as opposed to hibe ...
Mechanisms of Sleep Control - UCLA Integrative Center for
... by a widespread reduction in brain activity and energy usage correlated with EEG voltage increases and by a maintenance of autonomic regulation. However, there are a few very important exceptions to this general rule of reduced brain activity during NREM sleep, as described below. WHERE IS NREM SLEE ...
... by a widespread reduction in brain activity and energy usage correlated with EEG voltage increases and by a maintenance of autonomic regulation. However, there are a few very important exceptions to this general rule of reduced brain activity during NREM sleep, as described below. WHERE IS NREM SLEE ...
A Critical Period of Sleep for Development of Courtship Circuitry and
... Most animals sleep more early in life than in adulthood, but the function of early sleep is not known. Using Drosophila, we found that increased sleep in young flies was associated with an elevated arousal threshold and resistance to sleep deprivation. Excess sleep results from decreased inhibition ...
... Most animals sleep more early in life than in adulthood, but the function of early sleep is not known. Using Drosophila, we found that increased sleep in young flies was associated with an elevated arousal threshold and resistance to sleep deprivation. Excess sleep results from decreased inhibition ...
Mammalian Sleep
... altricial species (e.g., lapse of thermoregulation), REM sleep may be a carryover from fetal life. ...
... altricial species (e.g., lapse of thermoregulation), REM sleep may be a carryover from fetal life. ...
Sleep duration varies as a function of glutamate and GABA in rat
... Concentrations of glutamate and GABA decreased significantly during sleep A total of 4672 electropherograms were collected for this study. The conservative statistical approach constrained the degrees of freedom to the total number of rats used (n = 10). Electropherograms (Fig. 2) were obtained duri ...
... Concentrations of glutamate and GABA decreased significantly during sleep A total of 4672 electropherograms were collected for this study. The conservative statistical approach constrained the degrees of freedom to the total number of rats used (n = 10). Electropherograms (Fig. 2) were obtained duri ...
Introduction 9 INTRODUCTION Circadian rhythms in physiology and
... pulses that are administered during the late subjective night. The activity offset responds with a substantial phase advance, the full magnitude of which is reached almost immediately. In contrast, the activity onset shows transient phase resetting with the size of the phase shift increasing in the ...
... pulses that are administered during the late subjective night. The activity offset responds with a substantial phase advance, the full magnitude of which is reached almost immediately. In contrast, the activity onset shows transient phase resetting with the size of the phase shift increasing in the ...
State transitions between wake and sleep, and within the
... the polysomnography and spindle-defined sleep onset that often involves an alternation between stage 1 ‘sleep’ and wake before the occurrence of the stage 1 episode that ends with sleep onset. This episode, often referred to as the sleep onset period, marks a period of gradual change operating at ev ...
... the polysomnography and spindle-defined sleep onset that often involves an alternation between stage 1 ‘sleep’ and wake before the occurrence of the stage 1 episode that ends with sleep onset. This episode, often referred to as the sleep onset period, marks a period of gradual change operating at ev ...
What Keeps Us Awake: the Neuropharmacology of Stimulants and
... hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.35-37 A key contribution in the etiology of narcolepsy was provided by several studies linking the hypocretin/orexin system to this disease. First, two different animal models with an impaired hypocretin/orexin system—genetic narcoleptic dogs with a mutation in th ...
... hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.35-37 A key contribution in the etiology of narcolepsy was provided by several studies linking the hypocretin/orexin system to this disease. First, two different animal models with an impaired hypocretin/orexin system—genetic narcoleptic dogs with a mutation in th ...
Conscious Modulation in Normal Sleep
... trouble, because they do not have previous visual perception that may develop the contextualization of that incoming experience [42]. Are we aware of initiating movement? Being aware of initiating and controlling actions is a major component of conscious experience, but many aspects of action occur ...
... trouble, because they do not have previous visual perception that may develop the contextualization of that incoming experience [42]. Are we aware of initiating movement? Being aware of initiating and controlling actions is a major component of conscious experience, but many aspects of action occur ...
Presentazione standard di PowerPoint
... with a too long node of Ranvier, which may hinder the progression of the action potential. The time seems ripe to abandon a vision of myelin based on a metaphor and accept a new epistemological paradigm more consistent with the observational data, and less theory laden. (i) chronically demyelinated ...
... with a too long node of Ranvier, which may hinder the progression of the action potential. The time seems ripe to abandon a vision of myelin based on a metaphor and accept a new epistemological paradigm more consistent with the observational data, and less theory laden. (i) chronically demyelinated ...
Delayed sleep phase disorder
Delayed sleep-phase disorder (DSPD), also known as delayed sleep-phase syndrome (DSPS) or delayed sleep-phase type (DSPT), and in the 2014 revision of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ISCD-3), delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, is a dysregulation of a person's circadian rhythm (biological clock), compared to the general population and relative to societal norms. The disorder affects the timing of sleep, peak period of alertness, the core body temperature rhythm, hormonal and other daily cycles. People with DSPD generally fall asleep some hours after midnight and have difficulty waking up in the morning. They probably have a circadian period significantly longer than 24 hours.Affected people often report that while they do not get to sleep until the early morning, they do fall asleep around the same time every day. Unless they have another sleep disorder such as sleep apnea in addition to DSPD, patients can sleep well and have a normal need for sleep. However, they find it very difficult to wake up in time for a typical school or work day. If they are allowed to follow their own schedules, e.g. sleeping from 3:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon, their sleep is improved and they may not experience excessive daytime sleepiness. Attempting to force oneself onto daytime society's schedule with DSPD has been compared to constantly living with jet lag; DSPD has, in fact, been referred to as ""social jet lag"".The syndrome usually develops in early childhood or adolescence. An adolescent version may disappear in late adolescence or early adulthood; otherwise DSPD is a lifelong condition. Depending on the severity, the symptoms can be managed to a greater or lesser degree, but there is no known cure. Prevalence among adults, equally distributed among women and men, is approximately 0.15%, or 3 in 2,000. Prevalence among adolescents is as much as 7–16%.DSPD is also genetically linked to ADHD by findings of polymorphism in genes in common between those apparently involved in ADHD and those involved in the circadian rhythm and a high proportion of DSPD among those with ADHD.DSPD was first formally described in 1981 by Elliot D. Weitzman and others at Montefiore Medical Center. It is responsible for 7–10% of patient complaints of chronic insomnia. However, since many doctors are unfamiliar with the condition, it often goes untreated or is treated inappropriately; DSPD is often misdiagnosed as primary insomnia or as a psychiatric condition. DSPD can be treated or helped in some cases by careful daily sleep practices, light therapy, dark therapy, and medications such as melatonin and modafinil (Provigil); the former is a natural neurohormone responsible partly and in tiny amounts for the human body clock. At its most severe and inflexible, DSPD is a disability. A chief difficulty of treating DSPD is in maintaining an earlier schedule after it has been established, as the patient's body has a strong tendency to reset the sleeping schedule to its intrinsic late times. People with DSPD may improve their quality of life by choosing careers that allow late sleeping times, rather than forcing themselves to follow a conventional 9-to-5 work schedule.