Orexin/Hypocretin: A Neuropeptide at the Interface of Sleep, Energy
... 2005; Yoshida et al., 2006). These studies showed that orexin neurons are innervated by the lateral parabrachial nucleus, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), medial and lateral preoptic areas, basal forebrain (BF), posterior/dorsomedial hypothalamus, VTA, and median raphe nuclei. Many upstream ne ...
... 2005; Yoshida et al., 2006). These studies showed that orexin neurons are innervated by the lateral parabrachial nucleus, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), medial and lateral preoptic areas, basal forebrain (BF), posterior/dorsomedial hypothalamus, VTA, and median raphe nuclei. Many upstream ne ...
to eat or to sleep? orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness
... The regulation of sleep-wakefulness cycling within the context of circadian and environmental influences is critical for the efficient maintenance of energy homeostasis. In mammals, the sleep-wakefulness cycle can be divided into periods of waking, non-rapid-eye-movement (non-REM), and rapid-eye-mov ...
... The regulation of sleep-wakefulness cycling within the context of circadian and environmental influences is critical for the efficient maintenance of energy homeostasis. In mammals, the sleep-wakefulness cycle can be divided into periods of waking, non-rapid-eye-movement (non-REM), and rapid-eye-mov ...
The rat ponto-medullary network responsible for paradoxical
... the midline. Neurones specifically active during PS were found 6500-7000 µm below brain surface, and 500µm ventral to rostral locus coeruleus nucleus (LC) or mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MEV). LC noradrenergic neurones were characterized by their specific activity during waking (Gervasoni et al ...
... the midline. Neurones specifically active during PS were found 6500-7000 µm below brain surface, and 500µm ventral to rostral locus coeruleus nucleus (LC) or mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MEV). LC noradrenergic neurones were characterized by their specific activity during waking (Gervasoni et al ...
32 - Open-mind.net
... consciousness research. This novel concept of dreaming has consequently led to the idea that social interactions in dreams, known to be a universal and abundant feature of human dream content, can best be characterized as a simulation of human social reality, simulating the social skills, bonds, int ...
... consciousness research. This novel concept of dreaming has consequently led to the idea that social interactions in dreams, known to be a universal and abundant feature of human dream content, can best be characterized as a simulation of human social reality, simulating the social skills, bonds, int ...
The Dialectics of Hebb and Homeostasis within
... compensation, is still not entirely clear. On a theoretical level, the existence of “firing rate set points” in neocortical neurons provides a means for circuits to self-tune excitability over long time-scales to prevent the development of hypo or hyperexcitable states (Turrigiano and Nelson, 2004). ...
... compensation, is still not entirely clear. On a theoretical level, the existence of “firing rate set points” in neocortical neurons provides a means for circuits to self-tune excitability over long time-scales to prevent the development of hypo or hyperexcitable states (Turrigiano and Nelson, 2004). ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and OX1R and/or OX2R are expressed in these regions. These findings suggest that the activity ...
... TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and OX1R and/or OX2R are expressed in these regions. These findings suggest that the activity ...
full text - Anthony Herrel
... is whether rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is present in reptiles other than birds (Tauber et al., 1968; Siegel, 2008). Although the evidence is equivocal, most studies tend to suggest that, although reptiles do sleep, no true REM sleep can be demonstrated based on recordings of brain activity (Ayala ...
... is whether rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is present in reptiles other than birds (Tauber et al., 1968; Siegel, 2008). Although the evidence is equivocal, most studies tend to suggest that, although reptiles do sleep, no true REM sleep can be demonstrated based on recordings of brain activity (Ayala ...
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN ADULT MAMMALIAN SENSORY CORTEX
... 1. He HY, Rasmusson DD, Quinlan EM. Progressive elevations in AMPA and GABAA receptor levels in deafferented somatosensory cortex. J Neurochem. 2004 Sep;90(5):1186-93. Restricted receptive fields (RFs), a hallmark of mature sensory systems, are actively maintained by a balance between ascending exci ...
... 1. He HY, Rasmusson DD, Quinlan EM. Progressive elevations in AMPA and GABAA receptor levels in deafferented somatosensory cortex. J Neurochem. 2004 Sep;90(5):1186-93. Restricted receptive fields (RFs), a hallmark of mature sensory systems, are actively maintained by a balance between ascending exci ...
Full PDF
... “Orexin-mediated maintenance of consolidated wakefulness states” ... is important .. “because proper maintenance of arousal during food searching and intake is essential for an animal’s survival.” Ohno and Sakurai (122) Fig. 2. ...
... “Orexin-mediated maintenance of consolidated wakefulness states” ... is important .. “because proper maintenance of arousal during food searching and intake is essential for an animal’s survival.” Ohno and Sakurai (122) Fig. 2. ...
Coordinated Interaction between Hippocampal Sharp
... Stereotaxic surgery. Mice were anesthetized with a ketamine/xylazine mixture (⬃100/10 mg per kg, i.p.) and received two bundles of electrode implantation, one into the CA1 and the other into the ACC, both in the right hemisphere. The coordinates for the ACC were anteroposterior (AP) 0.8 mm anterior ...
... Stereotaxic surgery. Mice were anesthetized with a ketamine/xylazine mixture (⬃100/10 mg per kg, i.p.) and received two bundles of electrode implantation, one into the CA1 and the other into the ACC, both in the right hemisphere. The coordinates for the ACC were anteroposterior (AP) 0.8 mm anterior ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... attenuated by the H1 antagonist, pyrilamine [35]. Furthermore, the effect of orexin-A on wakefulness in mice is almost completely absent in H1-receptor deficient mice [42]. Furthermore, OX 2 R knockout mice exhibit a narcoleptic phenotype, while OX 1 R knockout mice show only mild fragmentation of b ...
... attenuated by the H1 antagonist, pyrilamine [35]. Furthermore, the effect of orexin-A on wakefulness in mice is almost completely absent in H1-receptor deficient mice [42]. Furthermore, OX 2 R knockout mice exhibit a narcoleptic phenotype, while OX 1 R knockout mice show only mild fragmentation of b ...
Chemical Transmitters and Modulation of Sleep
... Aithough evidence has suggested a dual role of the basal forebrain (BF) in arousai and sleep generation, the neurotransmitter identity and activity ofBF neurons serving these different functions have remained uncertain. Furthermore, few studies have been done to clarify how the wake vs. sleep promot ...
... Aithough evidence has suggested a dual role of the basal forebrain (BF) in arousai and sleep generation, the neurotransmitter identity and activity ofBF neurons serving these different functions have remained uncertain. Furthermore, few studies have been done to clarify how the wake vs. sleep promot ...
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy
... we did not observe any evidence of gliosis in the hypothalamus of orexin/ataxin-3 mice (Figure 2D). Taken together, these observations suggest that orexin-containing neurons are both postnatally and specifically removed in orexin/ataxin-3 transgenic mice. Behavioral Arrests in Orexin/Ataxin-3 Mice i ...
... we did not observe any evidence of gliosis in the hypothalamus of orexin/ataxin-3 mice (Figure 2D). Taken together, these observations suggest that orexin-containing neurons are both postnatally and specifically removed in orexin/ataxin-3 transgenic mice. Behavioral Arrests in Orexin/Ataxin-3 Mice i ...
Caffeine promotes glutamate and histamine release in the posterior
... administration, animals were deeply anesthetized (pentobarbital sodium, 100 mg/kg ip) and transcardially perfused with 0.1 M PBS. The brain tissue obtained from experimental and control animals was processed together (at least two animals per batch) for immunostaining. Brain sections were cut at 30 ...
... administration, animals were deeply anesthetized (pentobarbital sodium, 100 mg/kg ip) and transcardially perfused with 0.1 M PBS. The brain tissue obtained from experimental and control animals was processed together (at least two animals per batch) for immunostaining. Brain sections were cut at 30 ...
Topographic Maps in Human Frontal Cortex Revealed in Memory
... subsequent target locations were marked counterclockwise through 12 or 8 equally spaced positions. In the 12 locations version of the task (Sereno et al. 2001), the peripheral locations were arranged clockwise, whereas in the 8 locations version of the task, the 1 and 2 o’clock, 3 and 4 o’clock, 7 a ...
... subsequent target locations were marked counterclockwise through 12 or 8 equally spaced positions. In the 12 locations version of the task (Sereno et al. 2001), the peripheral locations were arranged clockwise, whereas in the 8 locations version of the task, the 1 and 2 o’clock, 3 and 4 o’clock, 7 a ...
Inhibitory control in high functioning autism: Decreased activation
... reduced activation in autism in posterior cingulate cortex in a spatial working memory task. Studies have also suggested that atypical preparation in motor planning tasks in autism is consistent with a disturbance of functions in the supplementary motor cortex and the anterior cingulate (Rinehart et ...
... reduced activation in autism in posterior cingulate cortex in a spatial working memory task. Studies have also suggested that atypical preparation in motor planning tasks in autism is consistent with a disturbance of functions in the supplementary motor cortex and the anterior cingulate (Rinehart et ...
gross_neuroanatomy-1
... an early ontogenetic development • Morphology of CS and LS is similar between subjects and these sulci are a common landmark also in non-human primates’ brain • On the lateral surface of the brain, CS separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe, while LS separates the frontal and parietal lo ...
... an early ontogenetic development • Morphology of CS and LS is similar between subjects and these sulci are a common landmark also in non-human primates’ brain • On the lateral surface of the brain, CS separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe, while LS separates the frontal and parietal lo ...
An unaware agenda: interictal consciousness
... of the left side of the thalamus correlates with lower scores for recall of logical prose (Rausch et al, 1994). The prevalence of thalamic hypometabolism suggests a pathophysiological role for the thalamus in the initiation or propagation of temporal lobe seizures or even in the interictal cognitive ...
... of the left side of the thalamus correlates with lower scores for recall of logical prose (Rausch et al, 1994). The prevalence of thalamic hypometabolism suggests a pathophysiological role for the thalamus in the initiation or propagation of temporal lobe seizures or even in the interictal cognitive ...
Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex
... memory model. Since it would be difficult for a defective central executive to oversee the simultaneous and coordinated operation of two slave systems (the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop) in their model, they proposed that the executive control can be analyzed using a dual-task par ...
... memory model. Since it would be difficult for a defective central executive to oversee the simultaneous and coordinated operation of two slave systems (the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop) in their model, they proposed that the executive control can be analyzed using a dual-task par ...
Section and Senior Editor - HAL
... HDC-/-mice, displayed narcolepsy and deficient W when faced with motor challenge. Thus, when placed on a wheel, WT, but not littermate Ox-/-mice, voluntarily spent their time in turning it and as a result, remained highly awake; this was accompanied by dense c-fos expression in many areas of their b ...
... HDC-/-mice, displayed narcolepsy and deficient W when faced with motor challenge. Thus, when placed on a wheel, WT, but not littermate Ox-/-mice, voluntarily spent their time in turning it and as a result, remained highly awake; this was accompanied by dense c-fos expression in many areas of their b ...
Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia
... remaining 5 cases in the medial medulla elicited contralateral inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. ...
... remaining 5 cases in the medial medulla elicited contralateral inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. ...
Alertness and feeding behaviors in ADHD: Does the hypocretin
... present with a deficit of alertness and sleep disturbances. Recent studies have also pointed out a previously underestimated association between ADHD and abnormal eating behaviors, including binge eating. Since sleep/ alertness disturbances and eating disorders may significantly increase the functio ...
... present with a deficit of alertness and sleep disturbances. Recent studies have also pointed out a previously underestimated association between ADHD and abnormal eating behaviors, including binge eating. Since sleep/ alertness disturbances and eating disorders may significantly increase the functio ...
Exercise and Anxiety Take Home Messages
... 11. Brain inflammation → ↓ anxiety a. Brain inflammation → ↓ avoidance memory i. Brain inflammation → ↑ risk taking, ↓ risk aversion Erik Manke – 3 October 2014 Influence of chronic moderate sleep restriction and exercise training on anxiety, spatial memory, and associated neurobiological measures i ...
... 11. Brain inflammation → ↓ anxiety a. Brain inflammation → ↓ avoidance memory i. Brain inflammation → ↑ risk taking, ↓ risk aversion Erik Manke – 3 October 2014 Influence of chronic moderate sleep restriction and exercise training on anxiety, spatial memory, and associated neurobiological measures i ...
File - [email protected] P12
... Methods used to study the level of alertness in normal waking consciousness and the stages of sleep Question 4 Answer = B The primary cortex in each lobe is either purely sensory or motor in function, with every other function of that lobe being carried out by association cortex. Out of the options ...
... Methods used to study the level of alertness in normal waking consciousness and the stages of sleep Question 4 Answer = B The primary cortex in each lobe is either purely sensory or motor in function, with every other function of that lobe being carried out by association cortex. Out of the options ...
Study Objectives
... 4. Identify and briefly describe experimental approaches used to examine cerebral lateralization in humans. 5. Describe Sperry's and Gazzaniga's work with split-brain patients. What did their results reveal about the functions of the two cerebral hemispheres? 6. Define aphasia and list at least thr ...
... 4. Identify and briefly describe experimental approaches used to examine cerebral lateralization in humans. 5. Describe Sperry's and Gazzaniga's work with split-brain patients. What did their results reveal about the functions of the two cerebral hemispheres? 6. Define aphasia and list at least thr ...
Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance
It has been estimated that over 20% of adults suffer from some form of sleep deprivation. Insomnia and sleep deprivation are common symptoms of depression and can be an indication of other mental disorders. The consequences of not getting enough sleep could have dire results; not only to the health of the individual, but those around them as sleep deprivation increases the risk of human-error related accidents, especially with vigilance-based tasks involving technology.