The rat ponto-medullary network responsible for paradoxical
... found that applications for 5 min of kainic acid and for 15 or 90 min of gabazine and bicuculline with a current intensity of 100 nA induced a sustained PS-like state while 50 nA applications did not reliably induced such effect. Applications of kainic acid, bicuculline or gabazine with 200 nA curr ...
... found that applications for 5 min of kainic acid and for 15 or 90 min of gabazine and bicuculline with a current intensity of 100 nA induced a sustained PS-like state while 50 nA applications did not reliably induced such effect. Applications of kainic acid, bicuculline or gabazine with 200 nA curr ...
Chemical Transmitters and Modulation of Sleep
... neurons were active during waking than during sleep and thus contribute to generating a waking state. On the other hand, the proportion of c-Fos expressing neurons that were GABAergic was higher during sleep recovery than sleep deprivation, indicating that particular GABAergic cells are involved in ...
... neurons were active during waking than during sleep and thus contribute to generating a waking state. On the other hand, the proportion of c-Fos expressing neurons that were GABAergic was higher during sleep recovery than sleep deprivation, indicating that particular GABAergic cells are involved in ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... these cells during wakefulness. Orexin neurons might activate another type of cholinergic neurons in the PPT and LDT, which are active in wakefulness as well as the REM-sleep period. Recent work also shows that orexin inhibits cholinergic neurons in the PPT via activation of GABAergic local interneu ...
... these cells during wakefulness. Orexin neurons might activate another type of cholinergic neurons in the PPT and LDT, which are active in wakefulness as well as the REM-sleep period. Recent work also shows that orexin inhibits cholinergic neurons in the PPT via activation of GABAergic local interneu ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... 2004) and thus may highlight injured wake-active neurons. The second and fifth 1:6 sets of sections from the above nonsleep-deprived mice (LTIH, n ⫽ 5; sham LTIH, n ⫽ 5) were used for double labeling of wake neuron identifier and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) using polyclonal rabbit anti-cleaved caspase-3 ...
... 2004) and thus may highlight injured wake-active neurons. The second and fifth 1:6 sets of sections from the above nonsleep-deprived mice (LTIH, n ⫽ 5; sham LTIH, n ⫽ 5) were used for double labeling of wake neuron identifier and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) using polyclonal rabbit anti-cleaved caspase-3 ...
Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia
... inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. 4). There was a significant interaction between stimulation in ...
... inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. 4). There was a significant interaction between stimulation in ...
Analysis of sleep spindles and model of their generation
... 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition of a sleep spindle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Clinical importance of sleep spindles . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Sleep stages and sleep spindles . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition of a sleep spindle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Clinical importance of sleep spindles . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Sleep stages and sleep spindles . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
C-fos Expression in the Pons and Medulla of the Cat during
... Tables I, 2). Because the activity in a number of pontomedullary structures is known to be correlated during active sleep, a multivariate method for comparing mean profiles between groups, such as a multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) test, is necessary. However, a MANOVA comparison of mean profiles require ...
... Tables I, 2). Because the activity in a number of pontomedullary structures is known to be correlated during active sleep, a multivariate method for comparing mean profiles between groups, such as a multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) test, is necessary. However, a MANOVA comparison of mean profiles require ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... histamine into the basal forebrain region caused a significant increase in the high θ- and γrange power throughout infusion period, but the δ-wave activity during non-rapid eye movement slow-wave sleep remained similar to those of the control. We conclude from our data that the circadian process may ...
... histamine into the basal forebrain region caused a significant increase in the high θ- and γrange power throughout infusion period, but the δ-wave activity during non-rapid eye movement slow-wave sleep remained similar to those of the control. We conclude from our data that the circadian process may ...
Institutionen för medicinsk teknik - IMT Master's Program Biomedical Engineering
... functions and how it is organized is mainly derived from experiments involving active tasks, like moving the right arm for example, and the related effects elicited in the neural activity. However much of the brain energy consumption, about 20% of the body’s energy consumption, is due to a rest cond ...
... functions and how it is organized is mainly derived from experiments involving active tasks, like moving the right arm for example, and the related effects elicited in the neural activity. However much of the brain energy consumption, about 20% of the body’s energy consumption, is due to a rest cond ...
Modulation of Cortical Activation and Behavioral Arousal by
... slow wave sleep (SWS) by slow delta EEG and low tone on the EMG; and paradoxical sleep (PS) by fast gamma EEG and atonia on the EMG. Neurons that are active during waking (red symbols) include cells with ascending projections toward the cortex, which stimulate fast cortical activity, and cells with ...
... slow wave sleep (SWS) by slow delta EEG and low tone on the EMG; and paradoxical sleep (PS) by fast gamma EEG and atonia on the EMG. Neurons that are active during waking (red symbols) include cells with ascending projections toward the cortex, which stimulate fast cortical activity, and cells with ...
Serotonergic Integration of Circadian Clock and Ultradian Sleep
... (TL084, Texas Instruments) on the skull. Buffer amplifiers were connected to a counterbalanced commutator (MT GIKEN) via a flexible cable, and the rats were allowed to move freely in the recording chamber. The neuronal activity of the SCN and other brain regions was amplified using a differential am ...
... (TL084, Texas Instruments) on the skull. Buffer amplifiers were connected to a counterbalanced commutator (MT GIKEN) via a flexible cable, and the rats were allowed to move freely in the recording chamber. The neuronal activity of the SCN and other brain regions was amplified using a differential am ...
A role for sleep in brain plasticity
... remodelling elicited by MD. Another study has shown that non-REM sleep electrical activity itself underwent changes as a consequence of waking experience during a late critical period (P30–60) in cats and mice [59]: dark-rearing induced during sleep a huge and reversible decrement of delta activity ...
... remodelling elicited by MD. Another study has shown that non-REM sleep electrical activity itself underwent changes as a consequence of waking experience during a late critical period (P30–60) in cats and mice [59]: dark-rearing induced during sleep a huge and reversible decrement of delta activity ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... characteristically found in species with neocortex or welldeveloped brain. The EEG being one of the primary criteria to identify REM sleep, severely restricts the number of animal species in which REM sleep can be studied because a fully developed brain is the characteristic of higher order animals ...
... characteristically found in species with neocortex or welldeveloped brain. The EEG being one of the primary criteria to identify REM sleep, severely restricts the number of animal species in which REM sleep can be studied because a fully developed brain is the characteristic of higher order animals ...
The Fine Structure of Slow-Wave Sleep Oscillations: from Single
... cats. Wake/sleep states were identified using the following criteria: Wake: lowamplitude fast activity in LFPs, high electrooculogram (EOG) and high electromyogram (EMG) activity; Slow-wave sleep: LFPs dominated by high-amplitude slowwaves, low EOG activity and EMG activity present; REM sleep: low-a ...
... cats. Wake/sleep states were identified using the following criteria: Wake: lowamplitude fast activity in LFPs, high electrooculogram (EOG) and high electromyogram (EMG) activity; Slow-wave sleep: LFPs dominated by high-amplitude slowwaves, low EOG activity and EMG activity present; REM sleep: low-a ...
Csercsa Richárd
... brain from the body by cutting the neural axis between the brain stem and the spinal cord at the level of the first or second cervical vertebra. This preparation is called the encéphale isolé (Figure 3, left). After the lesion he experienced normal sleep-wake cycles. Furthermore, his second surgical ...
... brain from the body by cutting the neural axis between the brain stem and the spinal cord at the level of the first or second cervical vertebra. This preparation is called the encéphale isolé (Figure 3, left). After the lesion he experienced normal sleep-wake cycles. Furthermore, his second surgical ...
LESSON 4.3 WORKBOOK What makes us go to sleep, and what
... So what causes narcolepsy? Narcolepsy is a relatively uncommon condition — only one case per 2,500 people — but it is a great example of a defect in the flip-flop switch that controls the transition between wakefulness and sleep, particularly REM sleep. Narcoleptics have sleep attacks during the day ...
... So what causes narcolepsy? Narcolepsy is a relatively uncommon condition — only one case per 2,500 people — but it is a great example of a defect in the flip-flop switch that controls the transition between wakefulness and sleep, particularly REM sleep. Narcoleptics have sleep attacks during the day ...
REM Sleep - Test Page
... However, to a surprising extent this is not the case. As I review later, REM sleep reappears within hours after some of these lesions. When both parts of the brain remain, signs usually appear on only one side of the cut. This kind of positive evidence is much more easily interpreted than loss of fu ...
... However, to a surprising extent this is not the case. As I review later, REM sleep reappears within hours after some of these lesions. When both parts of the brain remain, signs usually appear on only one side of the cut. This kind of positive evidence is much more easily interpreted than loss of fu ...
Functional Neuroimaging Insights into the Physiology of Human Sleep
... during NREM sleep compared to wakefulness,23 except for the absence of the thalamus. This suggests that a similar network is involved in the regulation of NREM sleep and slow waves. The absence of correlation in the thalamus suggests a modulation within the cortex of neural synchronization processes ...
... during NREM sleep compared to wakefulness,23 except for the absence of the thalamus. This suggests that a similar network is involved in the regulation of NREM sleep and slow waves. The absence of correlation in the thalamus suggests a modulation within the cortex of neural synchronization processes ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... twitches in spinal musculature. In contrast, phasic muscle twitches in the masseter muscles may be driven by glutamatergic neurons in the rostral parvicellular reticular nucleus (PCRt); however, the brain regions responsible for generating phasic twitches in other cranial muscles, including facial m ...
... twitches in spinal musculature. In contrast, phasic muscle twitches in the masseter muscles may be driven by glutamatergic neurons in the rostral parvicellular reticular nucleus (PCRt); however, the brain regions responsible for generating phasic twitches in other cranial muscles, including facial m ...
Electrophysiological markers of Rapid Eye Movements in
... REM sleep in REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) patients, a pathology characterized by the enactment of dreams due to an absence of muscle atonia (LeclairVisonneau, Oudiette et al. 2010). ...
... REM sleep in REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) patients, a pathology characterized by the enactment of dreams due to an absence of muscle atonia (LeclairVisonneau, Oudiette et al. 2010). ...
basic mechanisms of sleep
... Experimental Serotonergic Suppression of Cholinergic Systems and REM Sleep Numerous experimental findings have shown that 5-HT and its agonists inhibit mesopontine cholinergic cells as well as REM sleep itself. For example, 5-HT has been shown both to hyperpolarize rat cholinergic LDT cells in vitro ...
... Experimental Serotonergic Suppression of Cholinergic Systems and REM Sleep Numerous experimental findings have shown that 5-HT and its agonists inhibit mesopontine cholinergic cells as well as REM sleep itself. For example, 5-HT has been shown both to hyperpolarize rat cholinergic LDT cells in vitro ...
sleep disturbances associated with neuropsychiatric disease
... integrated corticothalamic circuits and modulatory structures. Changes in delta sleep found in diverse neuropsychiatric disorders, therefore, may result from functional changes at one or more levels including the cortex, thalamus, and modulatory structures. ...
... integrated corticothalamic circuits and modulatory structures. Changes in delta sleep found in diverse neuropsychiatric disorders, therefore, may result from functional changes at one or more levels including the cortex, thalamus, and modulatory structures. ...
A Critical Period of Sleep for Development of Courtship Circuitry and
... behavior critical for species propagation and suggest that rapidly growing regions of the brain are most susceptible to sleep perturbations early in life. he ontogenetic hypothesis of sleep, proposed nearly 50 years ago, postulates that early developmental sleep is important for brain patterning (1) ...
... behavior critical for species propagation and suggest that rapidly growing regions of the brain are most susceptible to sleep perturbations early in life. he ontogenetic hypothesis of sleep, proposed nearly 50 years ago, postulates that early developmental sleep is important for brain patterning (1) ...
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
... to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain. More recently, researchers have reconsidered the idea of a monolithic reticular formation and instead attribute its functions to the activity of specific systems that promote arousal using acetylcholine, glutamate, or monoamine neurotransmitters (e ...
... to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain. More recently, researchers have reconsidered the idea of a monolithic reticular formation and instead attribute its functions to the activity of specific systems that promote arousal using acetylcholine, glutamate, or monoamine neurotransmitters (e ...
Author`s personal copy - Sleep, Stress, and Memory Lab
... DEFINING SLEEP AND MEMORY Stages of Sleep There are 2 main types of sleep. The first, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, occurs in roughly 90minute cycles throughout the night and alternates with 4 additional stages (stages 1–4) known collectively as non-REM (NREM) sleep, which comprises the second typ ...
... DEFINING SLEEP AND MEMORY Stages of Sleep There are 2 main types of sleep. The first, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, occurs in roughly 90minute cycles throughout the night and alternates with 4 additional stages (stages 1–4) known collectively as non-REM (NREM) sleep, which comprises the second typ ...
Neuroscience of sleep
The neuroscience of sleep is the study of the neuroscientific and physiological basis of the nature of sleep and its functions. Traditionally, sleep has been studied as part of psychology and medicine. The study of sleep from a neuroscience perspective grew to prominence with advances in technology and proliferation of neuroscience research from the second half of the twentieth century. The fact that organisms daily spend hours of their time in sleep and that sleep deprivation can have disastrous effects ultimately leading to death, demonstrate the importance of sleep. For a phenomenon so important, the purposes and mechanisms of sleep are only partially understood, so much so that as recently as the late 1990s it was quipped: ""The only known function of sleep is to cure sleepiness"". However, the development of improved imaging techniques like EEG, PET and fMRI, along with high computational power have led to an increasingly greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying sleep.The fundamental questions in the neuroscientific study of sleep are - What are the correlates of sleep i.e. what are the minimal set of events that could confirm that the organism is sleeping? How is sleep triggered and regulated by the brain and the nervous system? What happens in the brain during sleep? How can we understand sleep function based on physiological changes in the brain? What causes various sleep disorders and how can they be treated?Other areas of modern neuroscience sleep research include the evolution of sleep, sleep during development and aging, animal sleep, mechanism of effects of drugs on sleep, dreams and nightmares, and stages of arousal between sleep and wakefulness.