Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and
... The preoptic area, including the ventromedial preoptic region just medial to the V L PO, contains thermosensitive neurons that are responsible for temperature regulation. To determine whether lesions of thermoregulatory neurons medial to the V L PO might contribute to sleep alterations or conversely ...
... The preoptic area, including the ventromedial preoptic region just medial to the V L PO, contains thermosensitive neurons that are responsible for temperature regulation. To determine whether lesions of thermoregulatory neurons medial to the V L PO might contribute to sleep alterations or conversely ...
Why We Sleep: The Temporal Organization of
... NREM sleep is separated into light sleep (slowing of the EEG, presence of sleep spindles and K-complexes) and deep slow-wave sleep. Slow waves reflect synchronization of periods of neuronal depolarization/high firing (up-phase) followed by periods of hyperpolarization (down phase) within large areas o ...
... NREM sleep is separated into light sleep (slowing of the EEG, presence of sleep spindles and K-complexes) and deep slow-wave sleep. Slow waves reflect synchronization of periods of neuronal depolarization/high firing (up-phase) followed by periods of hyperpolarization (down phase) within large areas o ...
What Keeps Us Awake: the Neuropharmacology of Stimulants and
... the other extends to the hypothalamus and basal forebrain (Figure 1). The primary origin of the thalamic projection from the brainstem has been identified as the cholinergic pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei. Three structures can be considered as key relays between the midbrain reti ...
... the other extends to the hypothalamus and basal forebrain (Figure 1). The primary origin of the thalamic projection from the brainstem has been identified as the cholinergic pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei. Three structures can be considered as key relays between the midbrain reti ...
Mammalian Sleep
... states in reptiles. In the first study using this approach, the neuronal activity of the midbrain and pontine regions responsible for REM sleep generation was studied in the turtle.20 This study found no evidence of cyclicity in neuronal activity during extended quiescent periods and hence no eviden ...
... states in reptiles. In the first study using this approach, the neuronal activity of the midbrain and pontine regions responsible for REM sleep generation was studied in the turtle.20 This study found no evidence of cyclicity in neuronal activity during extended quiescent periods and hence no eviden ...
Spontaneous Spike Activity of Spinoreticular Tract Neurons During
... 1Z3, Canada Abstract: Sleep mentation studies infer that pain sensation in humans may be reduced during active REM sleep. However, to provide a mechanistic explanation for this phenomenon, few, if any neurophysiological studies have been performed at the lumbar level from neurons comprising classica ...
... 1Z3, Canada Abstract: Sleep mentation studies infer that pain sensation in humans may be reduced during active REM sleep. However, to provide a mechanistic explanation for this phenomenon, few, if any neurophysiological studies have been performed at the lumbar level from neurons comprising classica ...
Metabolic signals in sleep regulation: recent insights The Harvard
... whereas depleted glucose and ghrelin lead to depolarization of orexin neurons.57–59 The orexinergic (neuropeptide Y, NPY and agouti-related protein [AgRP]) and anorexinergic (proopiomelanocortin cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) neurons innervate and regulate orexin neurons.60,61 Thus, ...
... whereas depleted glucose and ghrelin lead to depolarization of orexin neurons.57–59 The orexinergic (neuropeptide Y, NPY and agouti-related protein [AgRP]) and anorexinergic (proopiomelanocortin cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) neurons innervate and regulate orexin neurons.60,61 Thus, ...
State transitions between wake and sleep, and within the
... onset that often involves an alternation between stage 1 ‘sleep’ and wake before the occurrence of the stage 1 episode that ends with sleep onset. This episode, often referred to as the sleep onset period, marks a period of gradual change operating at every level of biological organisation and invol ...
... onset that often involves an alternation between stage 1 ‘sleep’ and wake before the occurrence of the stage 1 episode that ends with sleep onset. This episode, often referred to as the sleep onset period, marks a period of gradual change operating at every level of biological organisation and invol ...
Sleep and sleep states: Thalamic regulation
... The first cellular mechanism for the genesis of spindle oscillations was proposed by Andersen and Eccles in 1962. From intracellular recordings from TC relay neurons during spindles, they reported that TC cells fired bursts of action potentials interleaved with inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IP ...
... The first cellular mechanism for the genesis of spindle oscillations was proposed by Andersen and Eccles in 1962. From intracellular recordings from TC relay neurons during spindles, they reported that TC cells fired bursts of action potentials interleaved with inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IP ...
Hypocretin-2-Saporin Lesions of the Lateral Hypothalamus Produce
... 2 hr time points represented the peak and nadir of the ␦ power across the 24 hr in saline-treated rats, a finding that is consistent with the waxing and waning of EEG ␦ power (Borbely, 1994). *p ⬍ 0.05, significant difference compared with the values of the saline group. ...
... 2 hr time points represented the peak and nadir of the ␦ power across the 24 hr in saline-treated rats, a finding that is consistent with the waxing and waning of EEG ␦ power (Borbely, 1994). *p ⬍ 0.05, significant difference compared with the values of the saline group. ...
Presentazione standard di PowerPoint
... Comment to a papers of Field, Tomassy, Gibson: In his comment on the paper by Tomassy et al.(1), Douglas Fields (2) said:” It is certainly time to set aside the frayed metaphor of myelin as insulation and appreciate the more fascinating reality”. The revolutionary data demonstrated that myelination ...
... Comment to a papers of Field, Tomassy, Gibson: In his comment on the paper by Tomassy et al.(1), Douglas Fields (2) said:” It is certainly time to set aside the frayed metaphor of myelin as insulation and appreciate the more fascinating reality”. The revolutionary data demonstrated that myelination ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... observation concerning visual stimuli indicates that some neural mechanism in addition to the direct sensory pathways is required for the maintenance of wakefulness. In 1949 Moruzzi and Magoun discovered that rapid stimulation (50-200/sec) of the brainstem produced activation of the EEG (low voltage ...
... observation concerning visual stimuli indicates that some neural mechanism in addition to the direct sensory pathways is required for the maintenance of wakefulness. In 1949 Moruzzi and Magoun discovered that rapid stimulation (50-200/sec) of the brainstem produced activation of the EEG (low voltage ...
Mechanisms of Sleep Control - UCLA Integrative Center for
... The most caudal region implicated in NREM sleep control is the region of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Low-frequency stimulation of this structure can produce short-latency sleep onset (Magnes et al., 1961). Stimulation of the baroreceptor afferents to this area can also produce rapid sleep ons ...
... The most caudal region implicated in NREM sleep control is the region of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Low-frequency stimulation of this structure can produce short-latency sleep onset (Magnes et al., 1961). Stimulation of the baroreceptor afferents to this area can also produce rapid sleep ons ...
Sleep duration varies as a function of glutamate and GABA in rat
... Design Ltd. (CED), Cambridge, UK] for signal processing and storage (on a personal computer) by Spike2 version 5.14 software (CED). EEG and EMG signals were analyzed in 10-s bins for classification as wakefulness, NREM sleep, or REM sleep. Wakefulness displayed low amplitude, mixed frequencies in the ...
... Design Ltd. (CED), Cambridge, UK] for signal processing and storage (on a personal computer) by Spike2 version 5.14 software (CED). EEG and EMG signals were analyzed in 10-s bins for classification as wakefulness, NREM sleep, or REM sleep. Wakefulness displayed low amplitude, mixed frequencies in the ...
Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
... (Ritalin), a catecholamine agonist (Vgontzas and Kales, 1999). The REM sleep phenomena (cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations) have traditionally been treated with antidepressant drugs, which facilitate both serotonergic and noradrenergic activity. ...
... (Ritalin), a catecholamine agonist (Vgontzas and Kales, 1999). The REM sleep phenomena (cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations) have traditionally been treated with antidepressant drugs, which facilitate both serotonergic and noradrenergic activity. ...
Ictal SPECT in patients with rapid eye movement
... convert within 10–15 years after onset to neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson’s disease, multisystem atrophy, or dementia of the Lewy bodies (Schenck et al., 2013). Patients with idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder frequently show signs and symptoms associated with an increased risk of d ...
... convert within 10–15 years after onset to neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson’s disease, multisystem atrophy, or dementia of the Lewy bodies (Schenck et al., 2013). Patients with idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder frequently show signs and symptoms associated with an increased risk of d ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... produced activation of the EEG (low voltage fast electrical activity, or LFA), an effect evoked by stimulation of the central core of the brainstem in a region extending upward from the bulbar RF to the mesodiencephalic junction, the dorsal hypothalamus, and the ventral thalamus. In many features t ...
... produced activation of the EEG (low voltage fast electrical activity, or LFA), an effect evoked by stimulation of the central core of the brainstem in a region extending upward from the bulbar RF to the mesodiencephalic junction, the dorsal hypothalamus, and the ventral thalamus. In many features t ...
Normal sleep and circadian rhythms: Neurobiologic mechanisms
... movements, recorded through electro-oculogram (EOG); and brain activity, recorded through electroencephalogram (EEG) [1]. The clinical polysomnogram, the purpose of which is to detect findings that are characteristic of certain sleep disorders, includes, in addition to these three variables, the fo ...
... movements, recorded through electro-oculogram (EOG); and brain activity, recorded through electroencephalogram (EEG) [1]. The clinical polysomnogram, the purpose of which is to detect findings that are characteristic of certain sleep disorders, includes, in addition to these three variables, the fo ...
A mathematical model on REM-NREM cycle
... • sleep-wake homeostasis, or Process S, the accumulation of hypnogenic (sleep-inducing) substances in the brain, which generates a homeostatic sleep drive. Both of these processes are influenced to some extent by the genes of the individual. In addition, various external factors can also have a dire ...
... • sleep-wake homeostasis, or Process S, the accumulation of hypnogenic (sleep-inducing) substances in the brain, which generates a homeostatic sleep drive. Both of these processes are influenced to some extent by the genes of the individual. In addition, various external factors can also have a dire ...
Sleep Spindles as Facilitators of Memory Formation and Learning
... Sleep spindles are waxing and waning 7–14 Hz EEG rhythms that occur during various stages of non-REM sleep (Figure 1(a)). They are generated in the thalamus through alternating excitation of relay cells and reticular neurons (Figure 1(b)). Spindles are propagated from thalamus to the cortex by thala ...
... Sleep spindles are waxing and waning 7–14 Hz EEG rhythms that occur during various stages of non-REM sleep (Figure 1(a)). They are generated in the thalamus through alternating excitation of relay cells and reticular neurons (Figure 1(b)). Spindles are propagated from thalamus to the cortex by thala ...
Sleep and metabolism: Role of hypothalamic
... (DMN) and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). These nuclei send projections throughout the brain, including a dense network of intrahypothalamic connections. Transitions between different vigilance states are thought to occur via mutual inhibition of wake- or sleep-promoting areas in brainstem and hypo ...
... (DMN) and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). These nuclei send projections throughout the brain, including a dense network of intrahypothalamic connections. Transitions between different vigilance states are thought to occur via mutual inhibition of wake- or sleep-promoting areas in brainstem and hypo ...
"Sleep and Memory". In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS)
... Figure 2 Potential roles of sleep in synaptic and systems consolidation. (a) Representative changes in release of acetylcholine (ACh) and noradrenaline (NA) in the cortex (relative to waking) during REM and NREM sleep. Representative EEG traces for the two sleep states show cortical activity similar ...
... Figure 2 Potential roles of sleep in synaptic and systems consolidation. (a) Representative changes in release of acetylcholine (ACh) and noradrenaline (NA) in the cortex (relative to waking) during REM and NREM sleep. Representative EEG traces for the two sleep states show cortical activity similar ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
... areas and the right prefrontal areas – areas whose products become inaccessible to experience or "shut down" during both SWS and REM sleep – seemingly to enhance or prolong wakefulness, including increases in gamma EEG activity (the famous "40 Hz" oscillations) (Jones, 1998) and maintain vigilance t ...
... areas and the right prefrontal areas – areas whose products become inaccessible to experience or "shut down" during both SWS and REM sleep – seemingly to enhance or prolong wakefulness, including increases in gamma EEG activity (the famous "40 Hz" oscillations) (Jones, 1998) and maintain vigilance t ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
... areas and the right prefrontal areas – areas whose products become inaccessible to experience or "shut down" during both SWS and REM sleep – seemingly to enhance or prolong wakefulness, including increases in gamma EEG activity (the famous "40 Hz" oscillations) (Jones, 1998) and maintain vigilance t ...
... areas and the right prefrontal areas – areas whose products become inaccessible to experience or "shut down" during both SWS and REM sleep – seemingly to enhance or prolong wakefulness, including increases in gamma EEG activity (the famous "40 Hz" oscillations) (Jones, 1998) and maintain vigilance t ...
Beyond dreams: do sleep-related movements
... cortex was still viewed as producing movements, but now these movements were seen as mere by-products of dream activity – bits and pieces of motor commands that are able to leak through an incomplete inhibitory filter. Thus, when Hobson and McCarley presented their model relating dream activity in t ...
... cortex was still viewed as producing movements, but now these movements were seen as mere by-products of dream activity – bits and pieces of motor commands that are able to leak through an incomplete inhibitory filter. Thus, when Hobson and McCarley presented their model relating dream activity in t ...
Conscious Modulation in Normal Sleep
... Full-Time Professor of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National University Autonomous of Mexico Abstract: The phenomenological relationship between consciousness and sleep are reviewed. Consciousness has a selfreflexive component, and while sleeping that is not working as in awakenings. The necessit ...
... Full-Time Professor of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National University Autonomous of Mexico Abstract: The phenomenological relationship between consciousness and sleep are reviewed. Consciousness has a selfreflexive component, and while sleeping that is not working as in awakenings. The necessit ...
Neuroscience of sleep
The neuroscience of sleep is the study of the neuroscientific and physiological basis of the nature of sleep and its functions. Traditionally, sleep has been studied as part of psychology and medicine. The study of sleep from a neuroscience perspective grew to prominence with advances in technology and proliferation of neuroscience research from the second half of the twentieth century. The fact that organisms daily spend hours of their time in sleep and that sleep deprivation can have disastrous effects ultimately leading to death, demonstrate the importance of sleep. For a phenomenon so important, the purposes and mechanisms of sleep are only partially understood, so much so that as recently as the late 1990s it was quipped: ""The only known function of sleep is to cure sleepiness"". However, the development of improved imaging techniques like EEG, PET and fMRI, along with high computational power have led to an increasingly greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying sleep.The fundamental questions in the neuroscientific study of sleep are - What are the correlates of sleep i.e. what are the minimal set of events that could confirm that the organism is sleeping? How is sleep triggered and regulated by the brain and the nervous system? What happens in the brain during sleep? How can we understand sleep function based on physiological changes in the brain? What causes various sleep disorders and how can they be treated?Other areas of modern neuroscience sleep research include the evolution of sleep, sleep during development and aging, animal sleep, mechanism of effects of drugs on sleep, dreams and nightmares, and stages of arousal between sleep and wakefulness.