The Dialectics of Hebb and Homeostasis within
... are likely to subserve distinct functions within neural circuits. Put another way, one could argue that if the response to a perturbation in activity is not a global scaling of synapses, then one is (by definition) not studying synaptic scaling. On the other hand, this “phenotypic” classification ap ...
... are likely to subserve distinct functions within neural circuits. Put another way, one could argue that if the response to a perturbation in activity is not a global scaling of synapses, then one is (by definition) not studying synaptic scaling. On the other hand, this “phenotypic” classification ap ...
The rat ponto-medullary network responsible for paradoxical
... of neurones playing a crucial role in PS onset and maintenance. Furthermore, they suggest that GABAergic desinhibition and glutamate excitation of these neurones might play a crucial role in the onset of PS. ...
... of neurones playing a crucial role in PS onset and maintenance. Furthermore, they suggest that GABAergic desinhibition and glutamate excitation of these neurones might play a crucial role in the onset of PS. ...
Chemical Transmitters and Modulation of Sleep
... Aithough evidence has suggested a dual role of the basal forebrain (BF) in arousai and sleep generation, the neurotransmitter identity and activity ofBF neurons serving these different functions have remained uncertain. Furthermore, few studies have been done to clarify how the wake vs. sleep promot ...
... Aithough evidence has suggested a dual role of the basal forebrain (BF) in arousai and sleep generation, the neurotransmitter identity and activity ofBF neurons serving these different functions have remained uncertain. Furthermore, few studies have been done to clarify how the wake vs. sleep promot ...
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy
... and a wild-type littermate for the 12 hr dark period (active phase) are shown in Figure 5A. The hypnogram for the transgenic mouse is characterized by the appearance of direct transitions from wakefulness to REM sleep, and more fragmented waking and non-REM sleep episodes (Figure 5A). A typical exam ...
... and a wild-type littermate for the 12 hr dark period (active phase) are shown in Figure 5A. The hypnogram for the transgenic mouse is characterized by the appearance of direct transitions from wakefulness to REM sleep, and more fragmented waking and non-REM sleep episodes (Figure 5A). A typical exam ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and monoaminergic neurons in the brain stem to maintain arousal. In addition, orexin neurons also appear to act on LDT/PPT cholinergic neurons, because orexin neurons project directly to the PPT/ LDT nuclei and direct injection of orexin-A into the LDT of cats ...
... the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and monoaminergic neurons in the brain stem to maintain arousal. In addition, orexin neurons also appear to act on LDT/PPT cholinergic neurons, because orexin neurons project directly to the PPT/ LDT nuclei and direct injection of orexin-A into the LDT of cats ...
Physiological origins and functional correlates of EEG rhythmic
... membrane. Excitatory impulses reaching the cell release transmitter substances that can reduce, or depolal~ze, this potential. If this depolarization reaches the cell's activation threshold, polarity is briefly reversed and the cell discharges, propagating the signal along its axon. Other transmitte ...
... membrane. Excitatory impulses reaching the cell release transmitter substances that can reduce, or depolal~ze, this potential. If this depolarization reaches the cell's activation threshold, polarity is briefly reversed and the cell discharges, propagating the signal along its axon. Other transmitte ...
Coordinated Interaction between Hippocampal Sharp
... Stereotaxic surgery. Mice were anesthetized with a ketamine/xylazine mixture (⬃100/10 mg per kg, i.p.) and received two bundles of electrode implantation, one into the CA1 and the other into the ACC, both in the right hemisphere. The coordinates for the ACC were anteroposterior (AP) 0.8 mm anterior ...
... Stereotaxic surgery. Mice were anesthetized with a ketamine/xylazine mixture (⬃100/10 mg per kg, i.p.) and received two bundles of electrode implantation, one into the CA1 and the other into the ACC, both in the right hemisphere. The coordinates for the ACC were anteroposterior (AP) 0.8 mm anterior ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... latency test (MSLT) was performed (four nap opportunities between 2:00 and 4:00 P.M.) to measure wakefulness after sleep (Veasey et al., 2004c). The following day, enforced wakefulness by gentle handling (air puffs or introduction of murine nest building materials into the cage) was performed for 6 ...
... latency test (MSLT) was performed (four nap opportunities between 2:00 and 4:00 P.M.) to measure wakefulness after sleep (Veasey et al., 2004c). The following day, enforced wakefulness by gentle handling (air puffs or introduction of murine nest building materials into the cage) was performed for 6 ...
Caffeine promotes glutamate and histamine release in the posterior
... administration, animals were deeply anesthetized (pentobarbital sodium, 100 mg/kg ip) and transcardially perfused with 0.1 M PBS. The brain tissue obtained from experimental and control animals was processed together (at least two animals per batch) for immunostaining. Brain sections were cut at 30 ...
... administration, animals were deeply anesthetized (pentobarbital sodium, 100 mg/kg ip) and transcardially perfused with 0.1 M PBS. The brain tissue obtained from experimental and control animals was processed together (at least two animals per batch) for immunostaining. Brain sections were cut at 30 ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... During 6-hours of sleep deprivation, the histamine release was constantly upregulated and comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal for ...
... During 6-hours of sleep deprivation, the histamine release was constantly upregulated and comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal for ...
Analysis of sleep spindles and model of their generation
... 2.6 Topographic distribution of relation between sleep spindles amplitude and frequency. Each dot corresponds to one spindle. Positions of plots correspond to arrangement of electrodes in 10/20 system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Topographical distribution of sleep spindle ...
... 2.6 Topographic distribution of relation between sleep spindles amplitude and frequency. Each dot corresponds to one spindle. Positions of plots correspond to arrangement of electrodes in 10/20 system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Topographical distribution of sleep spindle ...
Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia
... suppression induced by medial medulla stimulation was higher in SWS than that in waking [ANOVA, F(1,5) ⫽ 445.13, P ⬍ 0.01; Fig. 3, bottom]. During REM sleep, the same stimulation did not alter signs of REM sleep, muscle atonia, or EEG desynchronization. Eye movement was induced, but we never observe ...
... suppression induced by medial medulla stimulation was higher in SWS than that in waking [ANOVA, F(1,5) ⫽ 445.13, P ⬍ 0.01; Fig. 3, bottom]. During REM sleep, the same stimulation did not alter signs of REM sleep, muscle atonia, or EEG desynchronization. Eye movement was induced, but we never observe ...
C-fos Expression in the Pons and Medulla of the Cat during
... nuclei, and (5) the abdutens nuclei. On the other hand, the mean number of c-fosexpressing neurons found in the masseter, facial, and hypoglossal nuclei was lower in carbachol-injected than in control cats. The data indicate that c-fos expression can be employed as a marker of state-dependent neuron ...
... nuclei, and (5) the abdutens nuclei. On the other hand, the mean number of c-fosexpressing neurons found in the masseter, facial, and hypoglossal nuclei was lower in carbachol-injected than in control cats. The data indicate that c-fos expression can be employed as a marker of state-dependent neuron ...
Dopaminergic Transmission and Wake
... but little is known about them with regards to control of the sleep-wake cycle. One study suggested increased activity of the A11 cell group during REM sleep deprivation suggesting they are wake-active (Leger et al. 2010). Dopaminecontaining neurons are also located in the retina and olfactory bulb. ...
... but little is known about them with regards to control of the sleep-wake cycle. One study suggested increased activity of the A11 cell group during REM sleep deprivation suggesting they are wake-active (Leger et al. 2010). Dopaminecontaining neurons are also located in the retina and olfactory bulb. ...
Modulation of Cortical Activation and Behavioral Arousal by
... Acetylcholine (ACh) has been known to play a critical role in stimulating cortical activation since very ...
... Acetylcholine (ACh) has been known to play a critical role in stimulating cortical activation since very ...
Serotonergic Integration of Circadian Clock and Ultradian Sleep
... quantify rhythmicity during transient processes and indifferent to MUA absolute values, and it produces limited values ranging from ⫺1 to 1 (Silver and Stryker, 1999). One represents the highest contrast, and 0 represents no contrast. The indices were calculated using MUA values from the day before ...
... quantify rhythmicity during transient processes and indifferent to MUA absolute values, and it produces limited values ranging from ⫺1 to 1 (Silver and Stryker, 1999). One represents the highest contrast, and 0 represents no contrast. The indices were calculated using MUA values from the day before ...
The Fine Structure of Slow-Wave Sleep Oscillations: from Single
... Although it is clear that spindles are generated in the thalamus, several hypotheses for the genesis of oscillations by thalamic circuits have been proposed and tested by models (reviewed in Destexhe and Sejnowski 2001, 2003). These involve reciprocal synaptic interactions between TC neurons and loc ...
... Although it is clear that spindles are generated in the thalamus, several hypotheses for the genesis of oscillations by thalamic circuits have been proposed and tested by models (reviewed in Destexhe and Sejnowski 2001, 2003). These involve reciprocal synaptic interactions between TC neurons and loc ...
Institutionen för medicinsk teknik - IMT Master's Program Biomedical Engineering
... fMRI data, namely the lack of time resolution (despite having a very good spatial response). This method also allows for mapping the brain during sleep stages. Thus the scored EEG data can be used to epoch fMRI resting state data. Resting state fMRI data, obtained when the brain is not engaged in a ...
... fMRI data, namely the lack of time resolution (despite having a very good spatial response). This method also allows for mapping the brain during sleep stages. Thus the scored EEG data can be used to epoch fMRI resting state data. Resting state fMRI data, obtained when the brain is not engaged in a ...
Amygdala oscillations and the consolidation of
... modulating effects of these manipulations do not result from alterations of memory storage in the but in other structures that represent the storage site of particular forms of memories [e]. The modulation of memory by the BL amygdala can also be seen in humans. For instance, emotionally arousing st ...
... modulating effects of these manipulations do not result from alterations of memory storage in the but in other structures that represent the storage site of particular forms of memories [e]. The modulation of memory by the BL amygdala can also be seen in humans. For instance, emotionally arousing st ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... also known as “dream sleep” because 70-80 per cent of awakenings from this state were accompanied by dream recollections. In contrast, the subjects reported either absence of dream or recollection of a fragmentary and thought-like mention, when awakened from non-REM sleep 7 . Although description of ...
... also known as “dream sleep” because 70-80 per cent of awakenings from this state were accompanied by dream recollections. In contrast, the subjects reported either absence of dream or recollection of a fragmentary and thought-like mention, when awakened from non-REM sleep 7 . Although description of ...
LESSON 4.3 WORKBOOK What makes us go to sleep, and what
... When we are awake and alert, most of the neurons in our brain – especially those in our forebrain – are active, which enables us to pay attention to sensory information, to think about what we are perceiving, to retrieve and think about memories, and to engage in the variety of behaviors that we hav ...
... When we are awake and alert, most of the neurons in our brain – especially those in our forebrain – are active, which enables us to pay attention to sensory information, to think about what we are perceiving, to retrieve and think about memories, and to engage in the variety of behaviors that we hav ...
REM Sleep - Test Page
... non-REM sleep is a difficult task. What is already clear is that very few such jerks occur, on the order of 10 to f 00 per day, compared with approximately 3000 in the rat. If these events are the correlates of REM sleep in the dolphin, then these animals have some of the smallest amounts of REM sle ...
... non-REM sleep is a difficult task. What is already clear is that very few such jerks occur, on the order of 10 to f 00 per day, compared with approximately 3000 in the rat. If these events are the correlates of REM sleep in the dolphin, then these animals have some of the smallest amounts of REM sle ...
Csercsa Richárd
... Kleitman (Aserinsky and Kleitman, Science, 1953). It accounts for 20-25% of total sleep time and it is mainly characterized by fast movements of the eyes, desynchronized high-frequency EEG activity, muscle atonia, PGO waves (recorded from the pons, the geniculatum, and the occipital cortex), and the ...
... Kleitman (Aserinsky and Kleitman, Science, 1953). It accounts for 20-25% of total sleep time and it is mainly characterized by fast movements of the eyes, desynchronized high-frequency EEG activity, muscle atonia, PGO waves (recorded from the pons, the geniculatum, and the occipital cortex), and the ...
Methods for reducing interference in the Complementary Learning
... of cortical activity, so they can be recalled later (based on partial cues). The CLS framework posits that neocortex learns incrementally; each training trial results in relatively small adaptive changes in synaptic weights. These small changes allow cortex to gradually adjust its internal model of ...
... of cortical activity, so they can be recalled later (based on partial cues). The CLS framework posits that neocortex learns incrementally; each training trial results in relatively small adaptive changes in synaptic weights. These small changes allow cortex to gradually adjust its internal model of ...
Sleep and memory
Memory is the cognitive process whereby experiences, learning and recognition are recalled. Memory “formation” is a product of brain plasticity, the structural changes within synapses that create associations between stimuli. Stimuli are encoded within milliseconds, however the long-term maintenance of memories can take additional minutes, days, or even years to fully consolidate and become a stable memory (more resistant to change or interference). Therefore, the formation of a specific memory occurs rapidly, but the evolution of a memory is often an ongoing process.Memory processes have been shown to be stabilized and enhanced (sped up and/or integrated) by nocturnal sleep and even daytime naps. Certain sleep stages are noted to improve an individual’s memory, although this is task specific. Generally, declarative memories are enhanced by slow-wave sleep, while non-declarative memories are enhanced by rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, although there are some inconsistencies among experimental results.