basic mechanisms of sleep
... Experimental Serotonergic Suppression of Cholinergic Systems and REM Sleep Numerous experimental findings have shown that 5-HT and its agonists inhibit mesopontine cholinergic cells as well as REM sleep itself. For example, 5-HT has been shown both to hyperpolarize rat cholinergic LDT cells in vitro ...
... Experimental Serotonergic Suppression of Cholinergic Systems and REM Sleep Numerous experimental findings have shown that 5-HT and its agonists inhibit mesopontine cholinergic cells as well as REM sleep itself. For example, 5-HT has been shown both to hyperpolarize rat cholinergic LDT cells in vitro ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... evidence that those REM-active neurons were cholinergic. For example, Steriade and colleagues demonstrated that most pontine neurons projecting to the thalamus are active during both REM sleep and wake (Steriade et al., 1990a,b). As both cholinergic and non-cholinergic (presumably glutamatergic) neu ...
... evidence that those REM-active neurons were cholinergic. For example, Steriade and colleagues demonstrated that most pontine neurons projecting to the thalamus are active during both REM sleep and wake (Steriade et al., 1990a,b). As both cholinergic and non-cholinergic (presumably glutamatergic) neu ...
sleep disturbances associated with neuropsychiatric disease
... aroused state is an active process requiring the integrated activity of a series of arousal systems shown diagrammatically in Fig. 134.1. (See Robbins and Everitt, 1996, for review and Moore and colleagues, 2001, for a discussion of the relationship between the Orexin neurons and these ...
... aroused state is an active process requiring the integrated activity of a series of arousal systems shown diagrammatically in Fig. 134.1. (See Robbins and Everitt, 1996, for review and Moore and colleagues, 2001, for a discussion of the relationship between the Orexin neurons and these ...
Electrophysiological markers of Rapid Eye Movements in
... pharmacological treatment and implanted with electrodes for potential surgical treatment (18 patients, 129 regions recorded and hundreds of units, see Methods). The dataset includes brain recordings at different scales (scalp EEG, depth EEG, LFP and single-unit recordings), which gives us the possib ...
... pharmacological treatment and implanted with electrodes for potential surgical treatment (18 patients, 129 regions recorded and hundreds of units, see Methods). The dataset includes brain recordings at different scales (scalp EEG, depth EEG, LFP and single-unit recordings), which gives us the possib ...
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
... activity is too low, distractible and anxious if LC activity is too high, but optimally attentive and aroused with intermediate levels of activity. NE tone is clearly linked to cognition as LC neurons in monkeys fire phasically in response to a salient stimulus that signals a reward such as food, bu ...
... activity is too low, distractible and anxious if LC activity is too high, but optimally attentive and aroused with intermediate levels of activity. NE tone is clearly linked to cognition as LC neurons in monkeys fire phasically in response to a salient stimulus that signals a reward such as food, bu ...
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and
... wakefulness, are particularly numerous in the VLPO (Alam et al., 1995; Szymusiak et al., 1998). The sleep-positive neurons in the VLPO innervate the histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) (Sherin et al., 1996). These projections originate from a dense cluster of VLPO neurons jus ...
... wakefulness, are particularly numerous in the VLPO (Alam et al., 1995; Szymusiak et al., 1998). The sleep-positive neurons in the VLPO innervate the histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) (Sherin et al., 1996). These projections originate from a dense cluster of VLPO neurons jus ...
Sleep and sleep states: Thalamic regulation
... oscillations are grouped in short 1–3 s periods of 7–14 Hz oscillations, organized within a waxingand-waning envelope, that recur periodically every 10–20 s. In cats and rodents, spindle waves of similar characteristics appear during slow-wave sleep and are typically more prominent at sleep onset. T ...
... oscillations are grouped in short 1–3 s periods of 7–14 Hz oscillations, organized within a waxingand-waning envelope, that recur periodically every 10–20 s. In cats and rodents, spindle waves of similar characteristics appear during slow-wave sleep and are typically more prominent at sleep onset. T ...
Functional Neuroimaging Insights into the Physiology of Human Sleep
... OR IN ASSOCIATION WITH SPECIFIC PARAMETERS of interest. Sleep has been investigated using functional neuroimaging for two decades. In healthy humans, these studies have mostly characterized the patterns of brain activity associated with different stages of sleep. The main technique used is positron ...
... OR IN ASSOCIATION WITH SPECIFIC PARAMETERS of interest. Sleep has been investigated using functional neuroimaging for two decades. In healthy humans, these studies have mostly characterized the patterns of brain activity associated with different stages of sleep. The main technique used is positron ...
Glial Signaling Take Home Messages
... c. All glucose is taken into the brain by end feet of astrocytes 3. Astrocytes provide lactate for orexin (Orx; aka hypocretin) neurons a. Orx cell bodies are in the DMH/PeF i. Co-express glutamate (Glu) b. Orx is important for feeding, arousal, sleep-wake cycles c. Orx cells are active only during ...
... c. All glucose is taken into the brain by end feet of astrocytes 3. Astrocytes provide lactate for orexin (Orx; aka hypocretin) neurons a. Orx cell bodies are in the DMH/PeF i. Co-express glutamate (Glu) b. Orx is important for feeding, arousal, sleep-wake cycles c. Orx cells are active only during ...
A Critical Period of Sleep for Development of Courtship Circuitry and
... brain patterning (1). Average daily sleep amounts are highest early in development across multiple species (1–4), and human studies have indeed demonstrated that impaired sleep during critical periods of development can have severe and longlasting consequences (5–7). Yet it remains unknown whether s ...
... brain patterning (1). Average daily sleep amounts are highest early in development across multiple species (1–4), and human studies have indeed demonstrated that impaired sleep during critical periods of development can have severe and longlasting consequences (5–7). Yet it remains unknown whether s ...
Why We Sleep: The Temporal Organization of
... Thus, both REM and NREM sleep appear vital and subject to homeostasis but can be suspended in rare cases for a substantial portion of life. In contrast to circadian biology, where the selective advantage of predicting daylight and seasonal occurrence is obvious [18], sleep is dangerous in the presen ...
... Thus, both REM and NREM sleep appear vital and subject to homeostasis but can be suspended in rare cases for a substantial portion of life. In contrast to circadian biology, where the selective advantage of predicting daylight and seasonal occurrence is obvious [18], sleep is dangerous in the presen ...
What Keeps Us Awake: the Neuropharmacology of Stimulants and
... the other extends to the hypothalamus and basal forebrain (Figure 1). The primary origin of the thalamic projection from the brainstem has been identified as the cholinergic pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei. Three structures can be considered as key relays between the midbrain reti ...
... the other extends to the hypothalamus and basal forebrain (Figure 1). The primary origin of the thalamic projection from the brainstem has been identified as the cholinergic pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei. Three structures can be considered as key relays between the midbrain reti ...
Mammalian Sleep
... REM sleep. It would be extremely valuable to confirm these results in other reptilian species. Pending such evidence, these data suggest that REM sleep may not have existed in reptilian species but may have evolved rapidly with endothermy. A striking finding of the study in turtles was that most bra ...
... REM sleep. It would be extremely valuable to confirm these results in other reptilian species. Pending such evidence, these data suggest that REM sleep may not have existed in reptilian species but may have evolved rapidly with endothermy. A striking finding of the study in turtles was that most bra ...
Metabolic signals in sleep regulation: recent insights The Harvard
... acid peptide) first described in 1998.32,33 The orexin system has a wide distribution of cognate receptors extending its effects on central as well as peripheral targets, thereby regulating various physiological mechanisms such as feeding, energy metabolism, arousal, onset of REM, reward, and autono ...
... acid peptide) first described in 1998.32,33 The orexin system has a wide distribution of cognate receptors extending its effects on central as well as peripheral targets, thereby regulating various physiological mechanisms such as feeding, energy metabolism, arousal, onset of REM, reward, and autono ...
State transitions between wake and sleep, and within the
... Power in the 8–11 Hz (alpha) range, on the other hand, displays a strikingly different temporal comportment in the sleep onset period compared to that observed after sleep onset. Like beta power it declines gradually across the sleep onset period, but unlike beta it reaches its minimum at sleep onse ...
... Power in the 8–11 Hz (alpha) range, on the other hand, displays a strikingly different temporal comportment in the sleep onset period compared to that observed after sleep onset. Like beta power it declines gradually across the sleep onset period, but unlike beta it reaches its minimum at sleep onse ...
Spontaneous Spike Activity of Spinoreticular Tract Neurons During
... Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada Abstract: Sleep mentation studies infer that pain sensation in humans may be reduced during active REM sleep. However, to provide a mechanistic explanation fo ...
... Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada Abstract: Sleep mentation studies infer that pain sensation in humans may be reduced during active REM sleep. However, to provide a mechanistic explanation fo ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... observation concerning visual stimuli indicates that some neural mechanism in addition to the direct sensory pathways is required for the maintenance of wakefulness. In 1949 Moruzzi and Magoun discovered that rapid stimulation (50-200/sec) of the brainstem produced activation of the EEG (low voltage ...
... observation concerning visual stimuli indicates that some neural mechanism in addition to the direct sensory pathways is required for the maintenance of wakefulness. In 1949 Moruzzi and Magoun discovered that rapid stimulation (50-200/sec) of the brainstem produced activation of the EEG (low voltage ...
Sleep duration varies as a function of glutamate and GABA in rat
... (CED). EEG and EMG signals were analyzed in 10-s bins for classification as wakefulness, NREM sleep, or REM sleep. Wakefulness displayed low amplitude, mixed frequencies in the EEG and moderate to high muscle tone in the EMG. NREM sleep was characterized by the presence of delta waves (0.5–4.0 Hz) or ...
... (CED). EEG and EMG signals were analyzed in 10-s bins for classification as wakefulness, NREM sleep, or REM sleep. Wakefulness displayed low amplitude, mixed frequencies in the EEG and moderate to high muscle tone in the EMG. NREM sleep was characterized by the presence of delta waves (0.5–4.0 Hz) or ...
Normal sleep and circadian rhythms: Neurobiologic mechanisms
... The EEG pattern of drowsy wakefulness consists of low-voltage rhythmic alpha activity (8–13 cycles per second [Hz]). In stage 1 of NREM sleep, the low-voltage mixed frequency theta waves (4–8 Hz) replace alpha rhythm of wakefulness. Slow asynchronous eye movements are seen on the EOG in the beginnin ...
... The EEG pattern of drowsy wakefulness consists of low-voltage rhythmic alpha activity (8–13 cycles per second [Hz]). In stage 1 of NREM sleep, the low-voltage mixed frequency theta waves (4–8 Hz) replace alpha rhythm of wakefulness. Slow asynchronous eye movements are seen on the EOG in the beginnin ...
Mechanisms of Sleep Control - UCLA Integrative Center for
... afferents to this area can also produce rapid sleep onset with relatively short latency to REM sleep (Puizillout and Foutz, 1977). Cooling and obstruction of blood flowto the medulla is associated with arousal, as would be expected if one were inactivating a hypnogenic region (Berlucchi et al., 1964 ...
... afferents to this area can also produce rapid sleep onset with relatively short latency to REM sleep (Puizillout and Foutz, 1977). Cooling and obstruction of blood flowto the medulla is associated with arousal, as would be expected if one were inactivating a hypnogenic region (Berlucchi et al., 1964 ...
Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
... Why Do We Sleep? Functions of REM Sleep It would be unreasonable to expect that REM sleep has the same functions as slow-wave sleep. Researchers have long been struck by the fact that the highest proportion of REM sleep is seen during the most active phase of brain development. Perhaps, then, REM s ...
... Why Do We Sleep? Functions of REM Sleep It would be unreasonable to expect that REM sleep has the same functions as slow-wave sleep. Researchers have long been struck by the fact that the highest proportion of REM sleep is seen during the most active phase of brain development. Perhaps, then, REM s ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... produced activation of the EEG (low voltage fast electrical activity, or LFA), an effect evoked by stimulation of the central core of the brainstem in a region extending upward from the bulbar RF to the mesodiencephalic junction, the dorsal hypothalamus, and the ventral thalamus. In many features t ...
... produced activation of the EEG (low voltage fast electrical activity, or LFA), an effect evoked by stimulation of the central core of the brainstem in a region extending upward from the bulbar RF to the mesodiencephalic junction, the dorsal hypothalamus, and the ventral thalamus. In many features t ...
Reduced thalamic and pontine connectivity in Kleine–Levin
... one KLS patient for whom results were possible to obtain during both hypersomnic and asymptomatic periods. We hypothesized that such an investigation could highlight the neural networks involved in the appearance of symptoms in KLS. One female KLS patient was investigated by resting state functional ...
... one KLS patient for whom results were possible to obtain during both hypersomnic and asymptomatic periods. We hypothesized that such an investigation could highlight the neural networks involved in the appearance of symptoms in KLS. One female KLS patient was investigated by resting state functional ...
Sleep and metabolism: Role of hypothalamic
... patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy display significant alterations in metabolic parameters26 and the majority of patients with narcolepsy experience symptoms of eating disorders, with an irresistible craving for food and binge eating as the most prominent features.27 Both OSA and narcolepsy are ...
... patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy display significant alterations in metabolic parameters26 and the majority of patients with narcolepsy experience symptoms of eating disorders, with an irresistible craving for food and binge eating as the most prominent features.27 Both OSA and narcolepsy are ...
A mathematical model on REM-NREM cycle
... is often referred to as the two-process model of sleep-wake regulation. The two processes are: • circadian rhythm, also known as Process C, the regulation of the body’s internal processes and alertness levels which is governed by the internal biological or circadian clock; • sleep-wake homeostasis, ...
... is often referred to as the two-process model of sleep-wake regulation. The two processes are: • circadian rhythm, also known as Process C, the regulation of the body’s internal processes and alertness levels which is governed by the internal biological or circadian clock; • sleep-wake homeostasis, ...
Sleep and memory
Memory is the cognitive process whereby experiences, learning and recognition are recalled. Memory “formation” is a product of brain plasticity, the structural changes within synapses that create associations between stimuli. Stimuli are encoded within milliseconds, however the long-term maintenance of memories can take additional minutes, days, or even years to fully consolidate and become a stable memory (more resistant to change or interference). Therefore, the formation of a specific memory occurs rapidly, but the evolution of a memory is often an ongoing process.Memory processes have been shown to be stabilized and enhanced (sped up and/or integrated) by nocturnal sleep and even daytime naps. Certain sleep stages are noted to improve an individual’s memory, although this is task specific. Generally, declarative memories are enhanced by slow-wave sleep, while non-declarative memories are enhanced by rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, although there are some inconsistencies among experimental results.