Analysis of sleep spindles and model of their generation
... 2.6 Topographic distribution of relation between sleep spindles amplitude and frequency. Each dot corresponds to one spindle. Positions of plots correspond to arrangement of electrodes in 10/20 system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Topographical distribution of sleep spindle ...
... 2.6 Topographic distribution of relation between sleep spindles amplitude and frequency. Each dot corresponds to one spindle. Positions of plots correspond to arrangement of electrodes in 10/20 system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Topographical distribution of sleep spindle ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... REM sleep is a unique phenomenon marked by indices of highly active brain while the subject/animal experiences probably the deepest phase of rest and sleep. The EEG pattern and the eye movements that occur during REM sleep are apparently similar to that observed during wakefulness. The autonomic ton ...
... REM sleep is a unique phenomenon marked by indices of highly active brain while the subject/animal experiences probably the deepest phase of rest and sleep. The EEG pattern and the eye movements that occur during REM sleep are apparently similar to that observed during wakefulness. The autonomic ton ...
A role for sleep in brain plasticity
... synchronized bursting in thalamocortical circuits, transient increases of intra-cellular calcium and, in some mammals, the release of somatotropins [13,55,56]. A role for non-REM sleep in developmental cortical plasticity is suggested by maturational changes in non-REM sleep that coincide with perio ...
... synchronized bursting in thalamocortical circuits, transient increases of intra-cellular calcium and, in some mammals, the release of somatotropins [13,55,56]. A role for non-REM sleep in developmental cortical plasticity is suggested by maturational changes in non-REM sleep that coincide with perio ...
REM Sleep - Test Page
... events during rest states, although determining which phasic events might correspond to REM sleep twitches and which might be the cetacean equivalent of myoclonic jerks occurring in non-REM sleep is a difficult task. What is already clear is that very few such jerks occur, on the order of 10 to f 00 ...
... events during rest states, although determining which phasic events might correspond to REM sleep twitches and which might be the cetacean equivalent of myoclonic jerks occurring in non-REM sleep is a difficult task. What is already clear is that very few such jerks occur, on the order of 10 to f 00 ...
basic mechanisms of sleep
... physiologically meaningful heterogeneity among mesopontine neurons both in vivo and in vitro. In behaving cats and rats, separate populations of REM-and-wake-on, REM-on, and PGO wave–associated neurons can be identified in the LDT and PPT with strong evidence that a subset of these are cholinergic ( ...
... physiologically meaningful heterogeneity among mesopontine neurons both in vivo and in vitro. In behaving cats and rats, separate populations of REM-and-wake-on, REM-on, and PGO wave–associated neurons can be identified in the LDT and PPT with strong evidence that a subset of these are cholinergic ( ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... evidence that those REM-active neurons were cholinergic. For example, Steriade and colleagues demonstrated that most pontine neurons projecting to the thalamus are active during both REM sleep and wake (Steriade et al., 1990a,b). As both cholinergic and non-cholinergic (presumably glutamatergic) neu ...
... evidence that those REM-active neurons were cholinergic. For example, Steriade and colleagues demonstrated that most pontine neurons projecting to the thalamus are active during both REM sleep and wake (Steriade et al., 1990a,b). As both cholinergic and non-cholinergic (presumably glutamatergic) neu ...
Csercsa Richárd
... sleep time and it is mainly characterized by fast movements of the eyes, desynchronized high-frequency EEG activity, muscle atonia, PGO waves (recorded from the pons, the geniculatum, and the occipital cortex), and theta frequency (4-10 Hz) oscillation in the hippocampal formation. Brain activity la ...
... sleep time and it is mainly characterized by fast movements of the eyes, desynchronized high-frequency EEG activity, muscle atonia, PGO waves (recorded from the pons, the geniculatum, and the occipital cortex), and theta frequency (4-10 Hz) oscillation in the hippocampal formation. Brain activity la ...
01 Mills
... capacity (FRC) falls during the first 15–40 s after induction of anaesthesia. There is debate as to the relative contribution of the rib cage and the diaphragm and whether some of the changes are due to relaxation of postural muscles altering the position of the chest. FRC is reduced during anaesthe ...
... capacity (FRC) falls during the first 15–40 s after induction of anaesthesia. There is debate as to the relative contribution of the rib cage and the diaphragm and whether some of the changes are due to relaxation of postural muscles altering the position of the chest. FRC is reduced during anaesthe ...
Electrophysiological markers of Rapid Eye Movements in
... direction of REMs; (iv) more recently, a correspondence, albeit not perfect, has been reported between REMs direction and limb movements acted out during REM sleep in REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) patients, a pathology characterized by the enactment of dreams due to an absence of muscle atonia (Leclai ...
... direction of REMs; (iv) more recently, a correspondence, albeit not perfect, has been reported between REMs direction and limb movements acted out during REM sleep in REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) patients, a pathology characterized by the enactment of dreams due to an absence of muscle atonia (Leclai ...
Functional Neuroimaging Insights into the Physiology of Human Sleep
... of NREM and REM sleep. Recent studies using mainly EEG/ fMRI have successfully characterized the neural correlates of these phasic activities of sleep. These studies refine the description of brain function beyond the stages of sleep and provide new insight into the mechanisms of spontaneous brain a ...
... of NREM and REM sleep. Recent studies using mainly EEG/ fMRI have successfully characterized the neural correlates of these phasic activities of sleep. These studies refine the description of brain function beyond the stages of sleep and provide new insight into the mechanisms of spontaneous brain a ...
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
... of the pons, and lesions of these wake-active DA neurons produce moderate reductions in wakefulness.83 The conditions under which these or other DA wake-promoting neurons fire are unknown, but in general, DA may naturally promote arousal when an individual is highly motivated or physically active. D ...
... of the pons, and lesions of these wake-active DA neurons produce moderate reductions in wakefulness.83 The conditions under which these or other DA wake-promoting neurons fire are unknown, but in general, DA may naturally promote arousal when an individual is highly motivated or physically active. D ...
sleep disturbances associated with neuropsychiatric disease
... Several observations suggest important links between sleep and mental disorders. From a psychological perspective, it has long been thought that trouble sleeping is related to a troubled mind, an intrusion of mental activity into the quiescence of sleep. Historically, this vein has fueled much of th ...
... Several observations suggest important links between sleep and mental disorders. From a psychological perspective, it has long been thought that trouble sleeping is related to a troubled mind, an intrusion of mental activity into the quiescence of sleep. Historically, this vein has fueled much of th ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... impaired c-fos activation response to enforced wakefulness in both noradrenergic locus ceruleus and dopaminergic ventral periaqueductal gray wake neurons. In contrast, cholinergic, histaminergic, orexinergic, and serotonergic wake neurons appeared unperturbed. Six month exposure to hypoxia/reoxygena ...
... impaired c-fos activation response to enforced wakefulness in both noradrenergic locus ceruleus and dopaminergic ventral periaqueductal gray wake neurons. In contrast, cholinergic, histaminergic, orexinergic, and serotonergic wake neurons appeared unperturbed. Six month exposure to hypoxia/reoxygena ...
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and
... Electroencephalogram/electromyogram implantation, sleep recording, and scoring The rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal chloral hydrate (7% in saline; 350 mg / kg), prepared for aseptic surgery, and secured in a stereotaxic frame. Four electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes were screwed onto the ...
... Electroencephalogram/electromyogram implantation, sleep recording, and scoring The rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal chloral hydrate (7% in saline; 350 mg / kg), prepared for aseptic surgery, and secured in a stereotaxic frame. Four electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes were screwed onto the ...
Author`s personal copy - Sleep, Stress, and Memory Lab
... episodic memories and spatial memories are closely connected. Second, there are semantic memories, which are concerned with the knowledge one acquires during events but is itself separated from the specific event in question. Thus, our knowledge about the meaning of words and facts about the world, ...
... episodic memories and spatial memories are closely connected. Second, there are semantic memories, which are concerned with the knowledge one acquires during events but is itself separated from the specific event in question. Thus, our knowledge about the meaning of words and facts about the world, ...
Why We Sleep: The Temporal Organization of
... increased sleep (sleep rebound) after sleep deprivation. During NREM sleep recovery, delta power decreases exponentially with time, tracking the dissipation of the behavioral sleep debt. REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. has been proposed [1,19,23]: rapid reversibility (as opposed to hibe ...
... increased sleep (sleep rebound) after sleep deprivation. During NREM sleep recovery, delta power decreases exponentially with time, tracking the dissipation of the behavioral sleep debt. REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. has been proposed [1,19,23]: rapid reversibility (as opposed to hibe ...
A Critical Period of Sleep for Development of Courtship Circuitry and
... courtship behaviors. These deficits are accompanied by impaired development of a single olfactory glomerulus, VA1v, which normally displays extensive sleep-dependent growth after eclosion. Our results demonstrate that sleep promotes normal brain development that gives rise to an adult behavior criti ...
... courtship behaviors. These deficits are accompanied by impaired development of a single olfactory glomerulus, VA1v, which normally displays extensive sleep-dependent growth after eclosion. Our results demonstrate that sleep promotes normal brain development that gives rise to an adult behavior criti ...
What Keeps Us Awake: the Neuropharmacology of Stimulants and
... in the brain17 and their interaction with autonomic, neuroendocrine, and neuroregulatory systems18-25 strongly suggest they act as neuromodulators in a wide array of neural circuitry. They also have been implicated in the modulation of noradrenergic,20,26-28 cholinergic,29 serotonergic,30,31 histami ...
... in the brain17 and their interaction with autonomic, neuroendocrine, and neuroregulatory systems18-25 strongly suggest they act as neuromodulators in a wide array of neural circuitry. They also have been implicated in the modulation of noradrenergic,20,26-28 cholinergic,29 serotonergic,30,31 histami ...
Mechanisms of Sleep Control - UCLA Integrative Center for
... The most caudal region implicated in NREM sleep control is the region of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Low-frequency stimulation of this structure can produce short-latency sleep onset (Magnes et al., 1961). Stimulation of the baroreceptor afferents to this area can also produce rapid sleep ons ...
... The most caudal region implicated in NREM sleep control is the region of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Low-frequency stimulation of this structure can produce short-latency sleep onset (Magnes et al., 1961). Stimulation of the baroreceptor afferents to this area can also produce rapid sleep ons ...
Mammalian Sleep
... states in reptiles. In the first study using this approach, the neuronal activity of the midbrain and pontine regions responsible for REM sleep generation was studied in the turtle.20 This study found no evidence of cyclicity in neuronal activity during extended quiescent periods and hence no eviden ...
... states in reptiles. In the first study using this approach, the neuronal activity of the midbrain and pontine regions responsible for REM sleep generation was studied in the turtle.20 This study found no evidence of cyclicity in neuronal activity during extended quiescent periods and hence no eviden ...
Sleep duration varies as a function of glutamate and GABA in rat
... present experiments took advantage of capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF), which has the capacity to rapidly measure analytes from small sample volumes. With the use of in vivo microdialysis coupled on-line to CE-LIF, the present study measured concentrations ...
... present experiments took advantage of capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF), which has the capacity to rapidly measure analytes from small sample volumes. With the use of in vivo microdialysis coupled on-line to CE-LIF, the present study measured concentrations ...
State transitions between wake and sleep, and within the
... onset that often involves an alternation between stage 1 ‘sleep’ and wake before the occurrence of the stage 1 episode that ends with sleep onset. This episode, often referred to as the sleep onset period, marks a period of gradual change operating at every level of biological organisation and invol ...
... onset that often involves an alternation between stage 1 ‘sleep’ and wake before the occurrence of the stage 1 episode that ends with sleep onset. This episode, often referred to as the sleep onset period, marks a period of gradual change operating at every level of biological organisation and invol ...
Ictal SPECT in patients with rapid eye movement
... and cerebellar areas represent a network of structures responsible for motor activity, REM sleep, muscle tone during sleep and coordination. The involved structures have been described in animal studies (Krenzer et al., 2011; Luppi et al., 2011), post-mortem studies (Boeve et al., 2007; Dugger et al ...
... and cerebellar areas represent a network of structures responsible for motor activity, REM sleep, muscle tone during sleep and coordination. The involved structures have been described in animal studies (Krenzer et al., 2011; Luppi et al., 2011), post-mortem studies (Boeve et al., 2007; Dugger et al ...
"Sleep and Memory". In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS)
... and registered as a memory trace – a process referred to as acquisition. Following acquisition, memories either undergo a process of consolidation (enhancement and/or stabilization for long-term storage) or are forgotten. Forgetting can be thought of as a process that acts in opposition to consolida ...
... and registered as a memory trace – a process referred to as acquisition. Following acquisition, memories either undergo a process of consolidation (enhancement and/or stabilization for long-term storage) or are forgotten. Forgetting can be thought of as a process that acts in opposition to consolida ...
Presentazione standard di PowerPoint
... with a too long node of Ranvier, which may hinder the progression of the action potential. The time seems ripe to abandon a vision of myelin based on a metaphor and accept a new epistemological paradigm more consistent with the observational data, and less theory laden. (i) chronically demyelinated ...
... with a too long node of Ranvier, which may hinder the progression of the action potential. The time seems ripe to abandon a vision of myelin based on a metaphor and accept a new epistemological paradigm more consistent with the observational data, and less theory laden. (i) chronically demyelinated ...
Sleep apnea
Sleep apnea (or sleep apnoea in British English) is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or instances of shallow or infrequent breathing during sleep. Each pause in breathing, called an apnea, can last for several seconds to several minutes, and may occur, by definition, at least 5 times in an hour. Similarly, each abnormally shallow breathing event is called a hypopnea. Sleep apnea is classified as a dyssomnia, meaning abnormal behavior or psychological events occur during sleep. When breathing is paused, carbon dioxide builds up in the bloodstream. Chemoreceptors in the blood stream note the high carbon dioxide levels. The brain is signaled to wake the person sleeping and breathe in air. Breathing normally will restore oxygen levels and the person will fall asleep again. Sleep apnea is often diagnosed with an overnight sleep test called a polysomnogram, or ""sleep study"".There are three forms of sleep apnea: central (CSA), obstructive (OSA), and complex or mixed sleep apnea (i.e. a combination of central and obstructive) constituting 0.4%, 84%, and 15% of cases, respectively. In CSA, breathing is interrupted by a lack of respiratory effort; in OSA, breathing is interrupted by a physical block to airflow despite respiratory effort, and snoring is common. According to the National Institutes of Health, 12 million Americans have OSA. There are more cases of sleep apnea still because people either do not report the condition or do not know they have sleep apnea.Regardless of type, an individual with sleep apnea is rarely aware of having difficulty breathing, even upon awakening. Sleep apnea is recognized as a problem by others witnessing the individual during episodes or is suspected because of its effects on the body. Symptoms may be present for years (or even decades) without identification, during which time the person may become conditioned to the daytime sleepiness and fatigue associated with sleep disturbance. Sleep apnea affects not only adults but some children as well.