
Analysis of sleep spindles and model of their generation
... We spend a third part of our life sleeping. Insomnia can cause severe health disturbances, sometimes — even death. The study of electrical brain activity (EEG) can elucidate the mechanisms of sleep, wakefulness and transition between them and can help in understanding the neurophysiological basis of ...
... We spend a third part of our life sleeping. Insomnia can cause severe health disturbances, sometimes — even death. The study of electrical brain activity (EEG) can elucidate the mechanisms of sleep, wakefulness and transition between them and can help in understanding the neurophysiological basis of ...
Csercsa Richárd
... though its function is not clear yet. It can be observed in most mammals and birds, and also in many insects (e.g. cockroach, bee, scorpion, or Drosophila), reptiles (e.g. turtle), amphibians (e.g. tree frog), and fish (e.g. zebrafish or perch) (Cirelli and Tononi, PLoS Biol, 2008). There are specie ...
... though its function is not clear yet. It can be observed in most mammals and birds, and also in many insects (e.g. cockroach, bee, scorpion, or Drosophila), reptiles (e.g. turtle), amphibians (e.g. tree frog), and fish (e.g. zebrafish or perch) (Cirelli and Tononi, PLoS Biol, 2008). There are specie ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... The EEG pattern and the eye movements that occur during REM sleep are apparently similar to that observed during wakefulness. The autonomic tone increases resulting in fast and irregular respiration, increased heart rate and elevated brain temperature. The brain glucose metabolism increases signific ...
... The EEG pattern and the eye movements that occur during REM sleep are apparently similar to that observed during wakefulness. The autonomic tone increases resulting in fast and irregular respiration, increased heart rate and elevated brain temperature. The brain glucose metabolism increases signific ...
A role for sleep in brain plasticity
... chiasm [47]. These morphological and functional changes in LGN cells are consistent with a delayed maturation of the LGN and suggest that REM sleep activity provides a source of endogenous neuronal activity necessary for normal LGN development. More recent works used various forms of selective REM s ...
... chiasm [47]. These morphological and functional changes in LGN cells are consistent with a delayed maturation of the LGN and suggest that REM sleep activity provides a source of endogenous neuronal activity necessary for normal LGN development. More recent works used various forms of selective REM s ...
Serotonergic Integration of Circadian Clock and Ultradian Sleep
... Because the absolute values of the MUAs varied substantially, even within the same brain region, the individual MUAs at each time point were normalized by the total number of neuronal spikes before or after the TSOI injection (2.5 days), and the MUAs were then averaged. These averaged MUAs were amen ...
... Because the absolute values of the MUAs varied substantially, even within the same brain region, the individual MUAs at each time point were normalized by the total number of neuronal spikes before or after the TSOI injection (2.5 days), and the MUAs were then averaged. These averaged MUAs were amen ...
Functional Neuroimaging Insights into the Physiology of Human Sleep
... the deactivation of prefrontal areas, in line with theories of REM sleep generation and dreaming properties. On the other hand, during non-REM (NREM) sleep, decreases in brain activity have been consistently found in the brainstem, thalamus, and in several cortical areas including the medial prefron ...
... the deactivation of prefrontal areas, in line with theories of REM sleep generation and dreaming properties. On the other hand, during non-REM (NREM) sleep, decreases in brain activity have been consistently found in the brainstem, thalamus, and in several cortical areas including the medial prefron ...
REM Sleep - Test Page
... However, to a surprising extent this is not the case. As I review later, REM sleep reappears within hours after some of these lesions. When both parts of the brain remain, signs usually appear on only one side of the cut. This kind of positive evidence is much more easily interpreted than loss of fu ...
... However, to a surprising extent this is not the case. As I review later, REM sleep reappears within hours after some of these lesions. When both parts of the brain remain, signs usually appear on only one side of the cut. This kind of positive evidence is much more easily interpreted than loss of fu ...
basic mechanisms of sleep
... the more specific organization of those systems in the control of the alternation of wake, non–rapid eye movement (NREM), and REM sleep. Although the main focus of the chapter is on the our own model of reciprocal aminergic-cholinergic interaction, we review new data suggesting the involvement of ma ...
... the more specific organization of those systems in the control of the alternation of wake, non–rapid eye movement (NREM), and REM sleep. Although the main focus of the chapter is on the our own model of reciprocal aminergic-cholinergic interaction, we review new data suggesting the involvement of ma ...
Electrophysiological markers of Rapid Eye Movements in
... Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep: sleep stage characterized by an electric activity resembling wakefulness (low amplitude EEG, theta activity (4-7Hz)) coupled with postural muscle atonia and rapid eye movements. Dreams usually occur during REM sleep (Nir and Tononi 2010), which is predominant late at ...
... Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep: sleep stage characterized by an electric activity resembling wakefulness (low amplitude EEG, theta activity (4-7Hz)) coupled with postural muscle atonia and rapid eye movements. Dreams usually occur during REM sleep (Nir and Tononi 2010), which is predominant late at ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... the vlPAG-LPT GABAergic neurons project to the cLDT-SLD, and GABAergic neurons in the cLDTSLD express cFos following enhanced REM sleep, we proposed that these two neuronal populations inhibit each other, and that this mutual inhibition produces state transitions into and out of REM sleep. These obs ...
... the vlPAG-LPT GABAergic neurons project to the cLDT-SLD, and GABAergic neurons in the cLDTSLD express cFos following enhanced REM sleep, we proposed that these two neuronal populations inhibit each other, and that this mutual inhibition produces state transitions into and out of REM sleep. These obs ...
sleep disturbances associated with neuropsychiatric disease
... Sleep can be conceptualized as a motivated behavior, something the organism ‘‘needs’’ to do in order to survive and for which there is a pressure to perform. Sleep propensity is lowest shortly after awakening, increases in mid-afternoon, plateaus across the evening, is greatest during the night and ...
... Sleep can be conceptualized as a motivated behavior, something the organism ‘‘needs’’ to do in order to survive and for which there is a pressure to perform. Sleep propensity is lowest shortly after awakening, increases in mid-afternoon, plateaus across the evening, is greatest during the night and ...
What Keeps Us Awake: the Neuropharmacology of Stimulants and
... in the brain17 and their interaction with autonomic, neuroendocrine, and neuroregulatory systems18-25 strongly suggest they act as neuromodulators in a wide array of neural circuitry. They also have been implicated in the modulation of noradrenergic,20,26-28 cholinergic,29 serotonergic,30,31 histami ...
... in the brain17 and their interaction with autonomic, neuroendocrine, and neuroregulatory systems18-25 strongly suggest they act as neuromodulators in a wide array of neural circuitry. They also have been implicated in the modulation of noradrenergic,20,26-28 cholinergic,29 serotonergic,30,31 histami ...
A Critical Period of Sleep for Development of Courtship Circuitry and
... focused on a role for sleep in the cortical plasticity induced by sensory deprivation in early life, or relied on drugs and lesion studies with nonspecific effects (8). Sleep in Drosophila shares many characteristics with sleep in humans (4, 9), including ontogenetic changes (4, 10). We used this mo ...
... focused on a role for sleep in the cortical plasticity induced by sensory deprivation in early life, or relied on drugs and lesion studies with nonspecific effects (8). Sleep in Drosophila shares many characteristics with sleep in humans (4, 9), including ontogenetic changes (4, 10). We used this mo ...
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and
... The rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal chloral hydrate (7% in saline; 350 mg / kg), prepared for aseptic surgery, and secured in a stereotaxic frame. Four electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes were screwed onto the skull (two on the left and two on the right), two electromyogram (EMG) electro ...
... The rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal chloral hydrate (7% in saline; 350 mg / kg), prepared for aseptic surgery, and secured in a stereotaxic frame. Four electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes were screwed onto the skull (two on the left and two on the right), two electromyogram (EMG) electro ...
Author`s personal copy - Sleep, Stress, and Memory Lab
... (EEG). REM sleep, on the other hand, is a lighter stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements (REMs), decreased muscle tone, and lowamplitude fast EEG oscillations. More than 80% of SWS is concentrated in the first half of the typical 8-hour night, whereas the second half of the night contai ...
... (EEG). REM sleep, on the other hand, is a lighter stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements (REMs), decreased muscle tone, and lowamplitude fast EEG oscillations. More than 80% of SWS is concentrated in the first half of the typical 8-hour night, whereas the second half of the night contai ...
Why We Sleep: The Temporal Organization of
... increased sleep (sleep rebound) after sleep deprivation. During NREM sleep recovery, delta power decreases exponentially with time, tracking the dissipation of the behavioral sleep debt. REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. has been proposed [1,19,23]: rapid reversibility (as opposed to hibe ...
... increased sleep (sleep rebound) after sleep deprivation. During NREM sleep recovery, delta power decreases exponentially with time, tracking the dissipation of the behavioral sleep debt. REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. has been proposed [1,19,23]: rapid reversibility (as opposed to hibe ...
Spontaneous Spike Activity of Spinoreticular Tract Neurons During
... wave activity (Figures 2, 3). The group mean spontaneous spike rate for the same SRT neurons measured 19.1 spikes/s±3.5 (range: 5.2-41.4) and did not significantly differ from values obtained during quiet wakefulness, (p>0.05). The state of active sleep is hallmarked by EEG desynchrony, muscle atoni ...
... wave activity (Figures 2, 3). The group mean spontaneous spike rate for the same SRT neurons measured 19.1 spikes/s±3.5 (range: 5.2-41.4) and did not significantly differ from values obtained during quiet wakefulness, (p>0.05). The state of active sleep is hallmarked by EEG desynchrony, muscle atoni ...
Mammalian Sleep
... are not merely a transition element in the EEG but that they occur also throughout NREM sleep. In some species, however, the distinction between wakefulness and sleep is not always clear-cut. Especially in carnivores, ungulates, and insectivores, there are frequent or protracted periods when spindle ...
... are not merely a transition element in the EEG but that they occur also throughout NREM sleep. In some species, however, the distinction between wakefulness and sleep is not always clear-cut. Especially in carnivores, ungulates, and insectivores, there are frequent or protracted periods when spindle ...
State transitions between wake and sleep, and within the
... with marked changes in the EEG6–10 there are physiological,11–18 cognitive,19 subjective20,21 and behavioural11,22 changes that take place gradually during this transitional period, indicating that falling asleep is a continuous and complex process. (See Ogilvie23 for a comprehensive review). So at ...
... with marked changes in the EEG6–10 there are physiological,11–18 cognitive,19 subjective20,21 and behavioural11,22 changes that take place gradually during this transitional period, indicating that falling asleep is a continuous and complex process. (See Ogilvie23 for a comprehensive review). So at ...
Sleep duration varies as a function of glutamate and GABA in rat
... PnO receives glutamatergic and GABAergic projections from many brain regions that regulate behavioral state. Indirect, pharmacological evidence has suggested that glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling within the PnO alters traits that characterize wakefulness and sleep. No previous studies have simu ...
... PnO receives glutamatergic and GABAergic projections from many brain regions that regulate behavioral state. Indirect, pharmacological evidence has suggested that glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling within the PnO alters traits that characterize wakefulness and sleep. No previous studies have simu ...
Metabolic signals in sleep regulation: recent insights The Harvard
... well as feeding and energy balance. Mainly expressed in the perifornical region of the lateral hypothalamus, orexin exists in two forms, the neuropeptide orexin A (a 33 aminoacid peptide with two disulfide bonds) and orexin B (28 amino acid peptide) first described in 1998.32,33 The orexin system ha ...
... well as feeding and energy balance. Mainly expressed in the perifornical region of the lateral hypothalamus, orexin exists in two forms, the neuropeptide orexin A (a 33 aminoacid peptide with two disulfide bonds) and orexin B (28 amino acid peptide) first described in 1998.32,33 The orexin system ha ...
Mechanisms of Sleep Control - UCLA Integrative Center for
... reticular core, the maximal intensity of sleep, with its high-voltage EEG waves, was seen. Sensory inputs to the reticular core were thought to control its activity, thus providing an explanation for the arousing effects of sensory stimuli. However, this concept did not explain the fact that the com ...
... reticular core, the maximal intensity of sleep, with its high-voltage EEG waves, was seen. Sensory inputs to the reticular core were thought to control its activity, thus providing an explanation for the arousing effects of sensory stimuli. However, this concept did not explain the fact that the com ...
Sleep - Dr. Robert Neff
... Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) ...
... Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) ...
Presentazione standard di PowerPoint
... of myelin sheath. The sleep need correlates to age. In fact, newborn and children have a higher sleep need than the adults. This may depend on myelinogenesis, that begins after born and goes on until 22-25 years age. Under these conditions, myelin may be less competent in accumulating energy= H+ and ...
... of myelin sheath. The sleep need correlates to age. In fact, newborn and children have a higher sleep need than the adults. This may depend on myelinogenesis, that begins after born and goes on until 22-25 years age. Under these conditions, myelin may be less competent in accumulating energy= H+ and ...
Sleep

Sleep is a naturally recurring state of mind characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, inhibition of nearly all voluntary muscles, and reduced interactions with surroundings. It is distinguished from wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli, but is more easily reversed than the state of hibernation or of being comatose. Mammalian sleep occurs in repeating periods, in which the body alternates between two highly distinct modes known as non-REM and REM sleep. REM stands for ""rapid eye movement"" but involves many other aspects including virtual paralysis of the body.During sleep, most systems in an animal are in an anabolic state, building up the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems. Sleep in non-human animals is observed in mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, and, in some form, in insects and even in simpler animals such as nematodes. The internal circadian clock promotes sleep daily at night in diurnal species (such as humans) and in the day in nocturnal organisms (such as rodents). However, sleep patterns vary widely among animals and among different individual humans. Industrialization and artificial light have substantially altered human sleep habits in the last 100 years.The diverse purposes and mechanisms of sleep are the subject of substantial ongoing research. Sleep seems to assist animals with improvements in the body and mind. A well-known feature of sleep in humans is the dream, an experience typically recounted in narrative form, which resembles waking life while in progress, but which usually can later be distinguished as fantasy. Humans may suffer from a number of sleep disorders. These include dyssomnias (such as insomnia, hypersomnia, and sleep apnea), parasomnias (such as sleepwalking and REM behavior disorder), bruxism, and the circadian rhythm sleep disorders.