A role for sleep in brain plasticity
... synchronized bursting in thalamocortical circuits, transient increases of intra-cellular calcium and, in some mammals, the release of somatotropins [13,55,56]. A role for non-REM sleep in developmental cortical plasticity is suggested by maturational changes in non-REM sleep that coincide with perio ...
... synchronized bursting in thalamocortical circuits, transient increases of intra-cellular calcium and, in some mammals, the release of somatotropins [13,55,56]. A role for non-REM sleep in developmental cortical plasticity is suggested by maturational changes in non-REM sleep that coincide with perio ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... seconds) and the total percentage of time spent in such a state is less as compared to mammalian REM sleep (about 5% of the total sleep time as compared to 15-30 % in mammals)19. Further, unlike mammalian REM sleep, there is no rebound increase in the REM sleep-like state in birds following its depr ...
... seconds) and the total percentage of time spent in such a state is less as compared to mammalian REM sleep (about 5% of the total sleep time as compared to 15-30 % in mammals)19. Further, unlike mammalian REM sleep, there is no rebound increase in the REM sleep-like state in birds following its depr ...
Why We Sleep: The Temporal Organization of
... increased sleep (sleep rebound) after sleep deprivation. During NREM sleep recovery, delta power decreases exponentially with time, tracking the dissipation of the behavioral sleep debt. REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. has been proposed [1,19,23]: rapid reversibility (as opposed to hibe ...
... increased sleep (sleep rebound) after sleep deprivation. During NREM sleep recovery, delta power decreases exponentially with time, tracking the dissipation of the behavioral sleep debt. REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. has been proposed [1,19,23]: rapid reversibility (as opposed to hibe ...
sleep disturbances associated with neuropsychiatric disease
... discovery of the behavioral state of REM sleep by Aserinsky and Kleitman (1), the French neurophysiologist Michel Jouvet (2) localized the generation of this sleep state to structures in the pontobulbar brainstem using rostropontine transections in cats. From these studies it is now recognized that ...
... discovery of the behavioral state of REM sleep by Aserinsky and Kleitman (1), the French neurophysiologist Michel Jouvet (2) localized the generation of this sleep state to structures in the pontobulbar brainstem using rostropontine transections in cats. From these studies it is now recognized that ...
State transitions between wake and sleep, and within the
... clear consensus among sleep EEG workers some of whom go along with Dement and Kleitman7 and Rechtschaffen and Kales8 who define sleep onset in stage 1 based on criteria of alpha reduction. The most frequently used definition, however, situates it at the first appearance of sleep spindles or K-comple ...
... clear consensus among sleep EEG workers some of whom go along with Dement and Kleitman7 and Rechtschaffen and Kales8 who define sleep onset in stage 1 based on criteria of alpha reduction. The most frequently used definition, however, situates it at the first appearance of sleep spindles or K-comple ...
REM Sleep - Test Page
... However, to a surprising extent this is not the case. As I review later, REM sleep reappears within hours after some of these lesions. When both parts of the brain remain, signs usually appear on only one side of the cut. This kind of positive evidence is much more easily interpreted than loss of fu ...
... However, to a surprising extent this is not the case. As I review later, REM sleep reappears within hours after some of these lesions. When both parts of the brain remain, signs usually appear on only one side of the cut. This kind of positive evidence is much more easily interpreted than loss of fu ...
Mammalian Sleep
... altricial species (e.g., lapse of thermoregulation), REM sleep may be a carryover from fetal life. ...
... altricial species (e.g., lapse of thermoregulation), REM sleep may be a carryover from fetal life. ...
basic mechanisms of sleep
... and to reduce REM sleep percentage in vivo (43). Experimentally administered 5-HT has also been shown to suppress specific physiologic signs of REM. For example, 5HT has been shown to counteract the REM-like carbacholinduced atonia of hypoglossal motor neurons (44). Microinjection of the 5-HT agonis ...
... and to reduce REM sleep percentage in vivo (43). Experimentally administered 5-HT has also been shown to suppress specific physiologic signs of REM. For example, 5HT has been shown to counteract the REM-like carbacholinduced atonia of hypoglossal motor neurons (44). Microinjection of the 5-HT agonis ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... indicate that the subcoeruleus neurons may form the ‘REM generator’ in the brainstem. The subcoeruleus has been the focus of many other sleep researchers investigating REM sleep mechanisms, although a variety of names such as peri-locus coeruleus alpha, peribrachial region and pontine inhibitory reg ...
... indicate that the subcoeruleus neurons may form the ‘REM generator’ in the brainstem. The subcoeruleus has been the focus of many other sleep researchers investigating REM sleep mechanisms, although a variety of names such as peri-locus coeruleus alpha, peribrachial region and pontine inhibitory reg ...
Normal sleep and circadian rhythms: Neurobiologic mechanisms
... The EEG pattern of drowsy wakefulness consists of low-voltage rhythmic alpha activity (8–13 cycles per second [Hz]). In stage 1 of NREM sleep, the low-voltage mixed frequency theta waves (4–8 Hz) replace alpha rhythm of wakefulness. Slow asynchronous eye movements are seen on the EOG in the beginnin ...
... The EEG pattern of drowsy wakefulness consists of low-voltage rhythmic alpha activity (8–13 cycles per second [Hz]). In stage 1 of NREM sleep, the low-voltage mixed frequency theta waves (4–8 Hz) replace alpha rhythm of wakefulness. Slow asynchronous eye movements are seen on the EOG in the beginnin ...
Sleep duration varies as a function of glutamate and GABA in rat
... PnO receives glutamatergic and GABAergic projections from many brain regions that regulate behavioral state. Indirect, pharmacological evidence has suggested that glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling within the PnO alters traits that characterize wakefulness and sleep. No previous studies have simu ...
... PnO receives glutamatergic and GABAergic projections from many brain regions that regulate behavioral state. Indirect, pharmacological evidence has suggested that glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling within the PnO alters traits that characterize wakefulness and sleep. No previous studies have simu ...
D27 - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... - dominant rhythm in awake state at rest (with mind wandering and eyes closed). most marked in PARIETO-OCCIPITAL area. regular 8-12 Hz, 20-100 μV waves; normal frequency is age dependent (if frequency is less than normal for age group – it is abnormality!) amplitude often waxes and wanes over ...
... - dominant rhythm in awake state at rest (with mind wandering and eyes closed). most marked in PARIETO-OCCIPITAL area. regular 8-12 Hz, 20-100 μV waves; normal frequency is age dependent (if frequency is less than normal for age group – it is abnormality!) amplitude often waxes and wanes over ...
Mechanisms of Sleep Control - UCLA Integrative Center for
... The most caudal region implicated in NREM sleep control is the region of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Low-frequency stimulation of this structure can produce short-latency sleep onset (Magnes et al., 1961). Stimulation of the baroreceptor afferents to this area can also produce rapid sleep ons ...
... The most caudal region implicated in NREM sleep control is the region of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Low-frequency stimulation of this structure can produce short-latency sleep onset (Magnes et al., 1961). Stimulation of the baroreceptor afferents to this area can also produce rapid sleep ons ...
Electrophysiological markers of Rapid Eye Movements in
... cognitive states and brain activity (Jouvet 1992). While NREM is classically defined as a state during which the brain has a broadly synchronized and stereotypical activity, REM sleep is characterized by EEG activity similar to wakefulness coupled to a generalized postural muscle atonia (Iber, Ancol ...
... cognitive states and brain activity (Jouvet 1992). While NREM is classically defined as a state during which the brain has a broadly synchronized and stereotypical activity, REM sleep is characterized by EEG activity similar to wakefulness coupled to a generalized postural muscle atonia (Iber, Ancol ...
Signal processing methods in Sleep Research
... Slow wave sleep predominates in the first third of the night and is linked to the initiation of sleep. REM sleep predominates in the last 3rd of the night. Wakefulness in sleep usually accounts for less than 5% of the night. N1 generally constitutes 2 to 5% of sleep. N2 generally constitutes 45 to 5 ...
... Slow wave sleep predominates in the first third of the night and is linked to the initiation of sleep. REM sleep predominates in the last 3rd of the night. Wakefulness in sleep usually accounts for less than 5% of the night. N1 generally constitutes 2 to 5% of sleep. N2 generally constitutes 45 to 5 ...
Rapid eye movement sleep promotes cortical
... In summary, we find that REM sleep plays an important role in enhancing experience-dependent plasticity in the developing cerebral cortex of cats. These findings support a long-standing hypothesis that REM sleep in early life promotes circuit formation (2). Our findings suggest that REM sleep achiev ...
... In summary, we find that REM sleep plays an important role in enhancing experience-dependent plasticity in the developing cerebral cortex of cats. These findings support a long-standing hypothesis that REM sleep in early life promotes circuit formation (2). Our findings suggest that REM sleep achiev ...
Sleep/Neurology-The Orexin System
... The global AD group had orexin levels that were positively correlated with total tau proteins and strictly related to sleep impairment Cognitive impairment (as measured by MMSE) was correlated with sleep structure deterioration (reduction in SWS and increased amounts of WASO) ...
... The global AD group had orexin levels that were positively correlated with total tau proteins and strictly related to sleep impairment Cognitive impairment (as measured by MMSE) was correlated with sleep structure deterioration (reduction in SWS and increased amounts of WASO) ...
The Study of Brain Activity in Sleep
... Spindles are generated in thalamic circuits as a consequence of cortical firing. When the cortex enters an up-state, strong cortical firing excites GABAergic neurons in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. These in turn strongly inhibit thalamocortical neurons, triggering intrinsic currents that p ...
... Spindles are generated in thalamic circuits as a consequence of cortical firing. When the cortex enters an up-state, strong cortical firing excites GABAergic neurons in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. These in turn strongly inhibit thalamocortical neurons, triggering intrinsic currents that p ...
Low Quality
... heart of disorders such as insomnia and narcolepsy, as discussed in “Sleep gone awry.” The third article, “Dying to sleep,” documents what happens when people go without enough sleep. Chronic sleep deprivation poses more serious health risks than many had thought, research shows. In sleep, the very ...
... heart of disorders such as insomnia and narcolepsy, as discussed in “Sleep gone awry.” The third article, “Dying to sleep,” documents what happens when people go without enough sleep. Chronic sleep deprivation poses more serious health risks than many had thought, research shows. In sleep, the very ...
Physiology and neuroanatomy of sleep
... • NREM and REM occur in alternating cycles, each lasting approximately 90-100 minutes, with a total of 4-5 cycles. • In the healthy young adult, NREM sleep accounts for 75-90% of sleep time (3-5% stage I, 50-60% stage II, and 10-20% stages III and IV). REM sleep accounts for 10-25% of sleep time. • ...
... • NREM and REM occur in alternating cycles, each lasting approximately 90-100 minutes, with a total of 4-5 cycles. • In the healthy young adult, NREM sleep accounts for 75-90% of sleep time (3-5% stage I, 50-60% stage II, and 10-20% stages III and IV). REM sleep accounts for 10-25% of sleep time. • ...
EEG & Sleep
... • Grand mal epilepsy is characterized by extreme neuronal discharges in all areas of the brain cerebral cortex, deep parts of cerebrum, and brain stem. • Discharges transmitted into the spinal cord sometimes cause generalized tonic seizures of the entire body, followed by alternating tonic and spa ...
... • Grand mal epilepsy is characterized by extreme neuronal discharges in all areas of the brain cerebral cortex, deep parts of cerebrum, and brain stem. • Discharges transmitted into the spinal cord sometimes cause generalized tonic seizures of the entire body, followed by alternating tonic and spa ...
Neuroscience of Sleep - University of Ilorin
... 20-25% by 2-5 years and shows little change after 10 years. • The ontogenic pattern of REM sleep roughly parallels cerebral myelination suggesting that REM sleep may be important in promoting brain maturation and development. • In 1966 Howard Roffwarg suggested that REM sleep plays a role in develop ...
... 20-25% by 2-5 years and shows little change after 10 years. • The ontogenic pattern of REM sleep roughly parallels cerebral myelination suggesting that REM sleep may be important in promoting brain maturation and development. • In 1966 Howard Roffwarg suggested that REM sleep plays a role in develop ...
rem sleep - Website Staff UI
... 20-25% by 2-5 years and shows little change after 10 years. • The ontogenic pattern of REM sleep roughly parallels cerebral myelination suggesting that REM sleep may be important in promoting brain maturation and development. • In 1966 Howard Roffwarg suggested that REM sleep plays a role in develop ...
... 20-25% by 2-5 years and shows little change after 10 years. • The ontogenic pattern of REM sleep roughly parallels cerebral myelination suggesting that REM sleep may be important in promoting brain maturation and development. • In 1966 Howard Roffwarg suggested that REM sleep plays a role in develop ...
Beyond dreams: do sleep-related movements
... disconnected from the brainstem. In 1966, Roffwarg and colleagues introduced the ontogenetic hypothesis, which addressed the preponderance of active sleep in early infancy. This hypothesis posited that the brainstem mechanisms that produce active sleep provide direct ascending stimulation to the for ...
... disconnected from the brainstem. In 1966, Roffwarg and colleagues introduced the ontogenetic hypothesis, which addressed the preponderance of active sleep in early infancy. This hypothesis posited that the brainstem mechanisms that produce active sleep provide direct ascending stimulation to the for ...
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of sleep
... – Soul comes back after sleep. It does not return after death. – Refraining from sleep is a sin because sleep is enforced by nature. – God reaches out to us through dreams; bringing guidance, nourishing our spirits, healing and refreshing us. ...
... – Soul comes back after sleep. It does not return after death. – Refraining from sleep is a sin because sleep is enforced by nature. – God reaches out to us through dreams; bringing guidance, nourishing our spirits, healing and refreshing us. ...
Dream
Dreams are successions of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur usually involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep. The content and purpose of dreams are not definitively understood, though they have been a topic of scientific speculation, as well as a subject of philosophical and religious interest, throughout recorded history. The scientific study of dreams is called oneirology.Dreams mainly occur in the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of sleep—when brain activity is high and resembles that of being awake. REM sleep is revealed by continuous movements of the eyes during sleep. At times, dreams may occur during other stages of sleep. However, these dreams tend to be much less vivid or memorable.The length of a dream can vary; they may last for a few seconds, or approximately 20–30 minutes. People are more likely to remember the dream if they are awakened during the REM phase. The average person has three to five dreams per night, and some may have up to seven; however, most dreams are immediately or quickly forgotten. Dreams tend to last longer as the night progresses. During a full eight-hour night sleep, most dreams occur in the typical two hours of REM.In modern times, dreams have been seen as a connection to the unconscious mind. They range from normal and ordinary to overly surreal and bizarre. Dreams can have varying natures, such as being frightening, exciting, magical, melancholic, adventurous, or sexual. The events in dreams are generally outside the control of the dreamer, with the exception of lucid dreaming, where the dreamer is self-aware. Dreams can at times make a creative thought occur to the person or give a sense of inspiration.Opinions about the meaning of dreams have varied and shifted through time and culture. The earliest recorded dreams were acquired from materials dating back approximately 5000 years, in Mesopotamia, where they were documented on clay tablets. In the Greek and Roman periods, the people believed that dreams were direct messages from one and/or multiple deities, from deceased persons, and that they predicted the future. Some cultures practiced dream incubation with the intention of cultivating dreams that are of prophecy.Sigmund Freud, who developed the discipline of psychoanalysis, wrote extensively about dream theories and their interpretations in the early 1900s. He explained dreams as manifestations of our deepest desires and anxieties, often relating to repressed childhood memories or obsessions. In The Interpretation of Dreams (1899), Freud developed a psychological technique to interpret dreams and devised a series of guidelines to understand the symbols and motifs that appear in our dreams.