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Brain and Behavior: Neurobiology of Everyday Life HOW DO I GET TO BE ME? Miracle of Brain Development Week #3 Daniel G. Amen, MD First, some brain basics Brain Basics #1 THE BRAIN IS INVOLVED IN EVERYTHING YOU DO How you... Who you are as a... think therapist feel child act parent interact spouse Brain Basics #2 When your brain works right, you work right When your brain doesn’t work right, you can’t work right Brain Basics #3 BRAIN IS MOST COMPLEX ORGAN 100 billion neurons, trillion glial cells each neuron connected to many other cells 1,000,000,000,000,000 more 2% connections in brain connections than stars in universe of body’s weight Uses 20-30% of the calories consumed Brain Basics #4 BRAIN IS VERY SOFT Brain is very soft consistency of soft butter Skull is really hard many ridges Brain Basics #5 TYPICAL NEURON Brain Basics #6 NERVE CELL PARTS Dendrites = nerve antenna, receivers Cell body = contains nucleus, protein making machinery, mitochondria (energy makers) Axons = sends signals, action potentials to other cells, wrapped with myelin to protect and speed signals along Brain Basics #7 GRAY VS WHITE MATTER Gray matter = cells bodies White matter = mylenated nerve cell tracks, connects hemispheres Interneurons Projection = local connections neurons = sends signals to other parts of brain and body Brain Basics #7 GRAY VS WHITE MATTER Brain Basics #7 WHITE TRACTS Brain Basics #8 TYPICAL SYNAPSE Brain Basics #9a NEUROTRANSMITTERS How the Brain Communicates with Itself Acetylcholine (ACh) – mostly excitatory muscle problems, Alzheimer’s, learning problems Serotonin (5-HT) – excitatory depression, OCD, eating disorders, sleep, pain Brain Basics #9b NEUROTRANSMITTERS Dopamine (DA) – excitatory and inhibitory Parkinson’s, ADD, addictions, depression, schizophrenia Norepinephrine (NE) – excitatory depression, ADD, anxiety Epinephrine (E) – excitatory anxiety Brain Basics #9c NEUROTRANSMITTERS Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) – inhibitory seizures, bipolar disorder, anxiety, pain Glutamate – excitatory most widely available neurotransmitter, paradoxically both main neurotransmitter for memory and main one responsible for cell death Brain Basics #10 NEUROGENESIS 1990s overturned 100 year old doctrine Through life BRAIN MAKES NEW NEURONS Programmed cell death is important, BALANCE Long term potentiation Learning and physical exercise encourages neurogenesis Brain Basics #11 DEVELOPMENT Low activity at birth Ramps up from 0-3, stays high til 5 Pruning starts at 5, levels off at 10 (tracks that are not used) Brain continues to be active til 40 Repair After mechanisms less efficient after 40 40, need to encourage health The Brain Miracle Brain constructed in levels w/different fxns Development influenced by genes, environment and experience Increased brain complexity increases behavioral complexity Develops different rates (PFC and teens) Children do not have social skill as adults Social Development Stages of Brain Development 1. 2. 3. 4. Cells birth (neurogenesis, glialgenesis) Cell migration Cell differentiation Cell maturation (dendrite/axon growth) 6. Synaptogenesis (formation of synapses) Cell death and synaptic pruning 7. Myelogenesis (formation of myelin) 5. Cell Birth Cells lining neural tube, brain’s nursery, stem cells (capacity for self renewal) Cortex begins development at 7 wks, mostly complete by 20 weeks 5 mos preme can live outside 5-9 months a very vulnerable time (anoxia, toxins – neurogenesis mostly complete) Cell Migration Cells migrate along radial glial cells Cortex has 6 layers -- lower layers laid layers 5-6: output to other brain areas layer 4: input – sensory layers 1-3: intergrative functions Cell Maturation Dendrite arborization (branching) Continues Axon after birth, grow slowly growth, up to 1mm a day (fast growth) Growth factors involved Experience involved – Hebb’s kitchen rats Synaptogenesis 1014 synapses Too many for genes alone to determine General guidelines for layout, guided by clues, signals, hormones and experience Simple connections by 5 mos prenatally Complex connections by 7 mos Increase rapidly after birth Visual cortex doubles from 2-4 mos of an infant Cell Death & Synaptic Pruning Overproduction of neurons and synapses and subsequent loss 42% of synapses die Prunes unnecessary/incorrect synapses May lose up to 100,000 per second “Use it or lose it” Experience, opportunity, stress has great influence Programmed cell death -- apoptosis Myelinization Myelin wraps/insulates neurons Increases efficiency of function Begins after birth Continues into adulthood Maturity is associated with areas that develop last, esp the PFC Drug abuse/stress can delay development Influences On The Brain Biology Psychology Social Genetics Prenatal exposure Health Biological Influences Toxic exposure Trauma Brain system health Hormones and neurotransmitters Bonding Stimulation Self talk Psychology Influences Experiences Parenting -- New Skills for Frazzled Parents Support systems Stresses Opportunities Modeling Effective living Social Influences