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Biology & Behavior Chapter 2 Section 1: The Nervous System • It’s almost like running is this great friend we both share…Anyway, that’s what I’d like to talk to you about… running as a friend, as a companion, a lover even…in other words, the relationship of running. “WHAT!?” many of you will be saying. “I thought that I was going to learn how to improve my 10k time.” GO read Runner’s World for that. You see, I don’t view running as what I DO or who I AM, but as this thing, this force, that changes me over time. – From “Running and Me: A love Story” by Joan Nesbit, 1999 Neurons • Nerve cells that run through our entire body and communicate with one another • 100 billion neurons, most found in brain The Nervous System Central Nervous System • Brain & Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System • Nerve cells that send messages between the central nervous system and all parts of the body Parts of a Neuron • Cell body – produces energy that fuels the activity of the cell • Dendrites –receive information from other neurons and pass the message through the cell body • Axons –carries messages away from cell body • Myelin – white fatty substance that insulates and protects the axon; also speeds up transmission of messages • Axon terminals – small fibers at the end of the axon The Communication Process • Messages sent from the axon terminals of one neuron to dendrites of other neurons • Crosses synapse (junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron) • Messages travel in only one direction Neurotransmitters: Chemical Messengers • Neurotransmitters (the message)are chemicals that are stored in axon terminals • Neurons can fire hundreds of times every second • Several types of neurotransmitters, each with their own structure The Central Nervous System • Transmits messages between the brain and the muscles and glands throughout the body • Also involved in spinal reflexes The Peripheral Nervous System • Made up of the Somatic Nervous System & the Autonomic Nervous System The Somatic Nervous System • AKA the skeletal nervous system • Transmits sensory messages to the CNS • Activated by touch, pain, changes in temperature, changes in body position • Enables us to experience hot and cold and to feel pain and pressure • Helps us maintain posture and balance The Autonomic Nervous System • Regulates body’s vital functions (heartbeat, breathing, digestion, blood pressure) • Don’t have to think about these activities...happen automatically • Made up of the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic nervous systems Sympathetic Nervous System • Prepares body for action • To either run away or confront situation • “Fight or Flight” response • Suppresses digestion, increases heart & respiration rates, elevates blood pressure Parasympathetic Nervous System • Restores the body’s reserves of energy after an action has occurred • Heart rate & blood pressure are normalized, breathing slowed, digestion returns to normal Nervous System CNS Spinal Cord Brain PNS Autonomic System (involuntary muscles & internal organs) Somatic System (voluntary muscles & sense organs) Parasympathetic System (Calms body after emergencies Sympathetic System Prepares body for action For homework: • On a half sheet of paper… explain how a neuron works using the metaphor of a relay race. Be sure to be specific and detailed in your description. Section 2: The Brain The Brain • Mind, or consciousness, dwells within the brain • Divided into 3 sections 1. Hindbrain 2. Midbrain 3. Forebrain http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VF5PyeMG8Lo&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode =1&safe=active Hindbrain • Medulla oblangata – Involved in vital functions (heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing) • Pons –regulates body movement, attention, sleep, and alertness • Cerebellum – “little brain” – balance and coordination Midbrain • Vision & hearing • Contains part of reticular activating system – Important for attention, sleep, and arousal – Increases heart rate & blood pressure Forebrain • Four major areas 1. 2. 3. 4. Thalamus Hypothalamus Limbic System Cerebrum Thalamus • A relay station for sensory stimulation Hypothalamus • Regulates body temperature, storage of nutrients, & various aspects of motivation & emotion • Involved in hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, caring for offspring, & aggression • Disturbances within the hypothalamus can lead to unusual drinking & eating behaviors Limbic System • Involved in learning and memory, emotion, hunger, sex, and aggression • If damaged, people can recall old memories but not create new ones Cerebrum • Surface of cerebrum known as the cerebral cortex (outer layer of brain) • Part that makes us uniquely human – the part that thinks • Also deals with memory, language, emotions, complex motor functions, perception Cerebral Cortex • Divided into two hemispheres • Corpus Callosum connects two hemispheres • Information received by one side of the body is transmitted to the opposite hemisphere • Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes 1. 2. 3. 4. Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe Senses and Motor Behavior • Occipital lobe contains primary visual area – Damage creates unusual conditions: may be able to recognize an object but unable to differentiate it from another similar object • Temporal lobe contains hearing or auditory area – If damaged a person may not be able to recognize common sounds • Parietal lobe – receives messages from skin senses (warmth, touch, cold, pain) • Frontal lobe – home to the motor cortex (neurons fire when we move certain parts of our body) Association Areas • Shape information into something meaningful • Frontal lobe association areas where we solve problems, make plans and decisions Left vs. Right Hemispheres Left Hemisphere • Language functions, logic, problem-solving, math Right Hemisphere • imagination, art, feelings, spatial relations • For nearly all right-handed people, language functions are based in left hemisphere • Language functions also based in left hemisphere for 2/3rds of left-handed people • Although differences exist between two hemispheres, they don’t act independently of each other How do we study the brain? • Accidents • Electrical Stimulation of the Brain – shows that specific areas are associated with specific types of sensations • EEG – device that records electrical activity in the brain • Scans – MRI – lie in a magnetic field – brain gives off extra energy from radio waves and creates visual images • Good for small injuries – CAT – X-ray beams passed through head and form 3-d images of brain – fMRI – fast kind of MRI that shows the brain at work – PET – radioactive sugar injected into body – as it reaches the brain – more is used in areas of greater activity – images show this activity Section 3: The Endocrine System The Endocrine System • Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream • Pituitary Gland – The “master gland” – Secretes growth hormone, hormone to stimulate labor in pregnant women • Thyroid Gland – controls metabolism • Pineal Gland – produces melatonin & affects sexual development • Adrenal Gland – produce adrenaline & nonadrenaline • Testes & Ovaries – produce testosterone, estrogen, progesterone Section 4: Heredity Heredity • Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring • Genes – basic building blocks of heredity • 46 chromosomes divided into 23 pairs • 23rd chromosome – boys xy and girls xx – Dad determines sex of offspring Nature-Nurture Debate • Nature – What people inherit – Inherited characteristics determine the kind of people we are • Nurture – Environmental factors • Family, education, culture, living conditions, everyday experiences • Today, most psychologists believe both are involved Kinship Studies • Common way to study nature vs. nurture • Twin studies – to determine which traits are genetically inherited • Adoption studies – do kids act more like biological or adopted parents? • Twins reared apart – still share many traits