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Transcript
CNS (The Brain and Spinal Cord) The Spinal Cord • carries messages from sensory nerves to the brain and motor nerve messages from the brain to organs, muscles and glands. • it contains two types of tissue: • grey matter - non-myelinated interneurons • white matter - myelinated neurons (motor and sensory) • the interneurons are arranged in tracts which connect the spinal cord to the brain. • the dorsal tract brings sensory information into the spinal cord and the ventral tract carries motor information from the spinal cord to the muscles, organs and glands. • the brain and spinal cord are protected by protective membrane, the meninges and surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid. The Brain • the major components of the brain are: • cerebrum - responsible for complex behaviour and intelligence, it interprets sensory input and starts motor impulses. • it consists of two hemispheres, each of which has 4 lobes: • frontal - motor control for movement of voluntary muscles • temporal - sensory areas for visual processing and hearing • parietal - sensory areas for touch and temperature sense • occipital - sensory areas for vision • the surface of the cerebrum (the cerebral cortex) is made of grey matter and is highly folded, increasing surface area. • corpus callosum - a bundle of nerves which connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain • below the cerebrum is the thalamus, which sorts sensory information and directs it to the correct part of the cerebrum. • below the thalamus, is the hypothalamus, the control centre for the Autonomic Nervous System. • it controls hunger, body temperature, aggression and other aspects of behaviour and metabolism. • the hypothalamus controls the endocrine hormone system because attached to it is the pituitary gland. • the pituitary gland produces hormones that control many of the endocrine glands. • the midbrain is a short segment of the brainstem involved in hearing and visual reflexes. • the cerebellum is part of the hindbrain that controls muscle coordination, it contains 50% of the neurons in the brain. Most of the physical skills we learn are eventually taken over by the cerebellum so that we don’t have to concentrate on them. • the medulla oblongata joins the spinal cord to the cerebellum, it controls involuntary muscle action (breathing movements, heart rate). • the pons contains bundles of axons traveling between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS, it helps the medulla to regulate breathing rate.
