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The Biological Perspective Chapter 2 LO 2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons and nerves Overview of Nervous System • Nervous System - an extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body. • Neuroscience – deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue. • Relationship to behavior and learning. Menu The Nervous System Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral nervous system Autonomic (Involuntary) Somatic (Voluntary) The Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System LO 2.3 Brain and spinal cord Central Nervous System • Central nervous system (CNS) - part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. • Spinal cord - a long bundle of neurons that carries messages • is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes. Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral nervous system Autonomic (Involuntary) Somatic (Voluntary) Menu LO 2.3 Brain and spinal cord The Reflex Arc: Three Types of Neurons • Sensory neuron - a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system. • Motor neuron - a neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body. • Interneuron - a neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the sensory neurons and sends commands to muscles via the motor neurons. Menu The Reflex Arc LO 2.4 Somatic and autonomic nervous systems Peripheral Nervous System • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal Nervous System cord but that run through the body itself Central Peripheral Nervous System • Divided into the: • Somatic nervous system • Autonomic nervous system Autonomic (Involuntary) nervous system Somatic (Voluntary) Menu LO 2.4 Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems Autonomic Nervous System • Autonomic nervous system (ANS) division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands • Composed of: Sympathetic division Reacts to stressful events and bodily arousal. • Parasympathetic division – restores body to normal functioning after arousal Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral nervous system Autonomic (Involuntary) Somatic (Voluntary) Menu LO 2.4 Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems Somatic Nervous System • Somatic nervous system division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body. Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral nervous system Autonomic (Involuntary) Somatic (Voluntary) Menu Autonomic Divisions Sympathetic Eyes Lungs Heart Stomach Blood Vessels Parasympathetic LO 2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons and nerves Structure of the Neuron • Neurons – cells that make up the nervous system • receive and send messages within that system. • Parts of a Neuron • Dendrites - branch-like structures that receive messages. • Soma - the cell body of the neuron, maintains the life of the cell. • Axon - long tube-like structure that sends out messages Menu Structure of the Neuron LO 2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons and nerves Other Types of Brain Cells • Glial cells - grey fatty cells that: • Provide support for the neurons to grow • Deliver nutrients to neurons • Produce myelin to coat axons Glial Cell Menu Myelin Sheath Myelin - fatty substances that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse. • Clean up waste products and dead neurons. Myelin LO 2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons and nerves Neurons in the Body • Nerves – bundles of axons in the body that travel together through the body. Axon Menu LO 2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons and nerves Generating the Message: Neural Impulse • Ions – charged particles. • Inside neuron – negatively charged. • Outside neuron – positively charged. • Resting potential - the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse. • Action potential - the release of the neural impulse • All-or-none - referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all. Menu Action Potential Action Potential LO 2.2 Neuron communication Neuron Communication • Excitatory neurotransmitter neurotransmitter that causes a receiving cell to fire. • Inhibitory neurotransmitter neurotransmitter that causes a receiving cell to stop firing. Excitatory Inhibitory Menu Neuron Communication • Chemical substances can affect neuronal communication. • Agonists - mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter; thus, increasing or decreasing the activity of a receiving cell • Antagonists - block or reduce a cell’s response to neurotransmitters or other chemicals LO 2.2 Neuron communication Neurotransmitters Menu LO 2.5 Study of the brain Peeking Inside the Brain • Deep lesioning – sending electrical current via a wire, which destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire. • Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) – sending milder electrical current via a wire to explore the activity of the brain • http://www.youtube.com/watchv=IOHtUzW02cg&feature=related • Electroencephalograph (EEG) – Records brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the surface of the brain. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6XeCwFQrCA&NR=1 Menu LO 2.5 Study of the brain Peeking Inside the Brain • Computed tomography (CT) - brain-imaging method using computer controlled X-rays of the brain. • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields. FMRImore detailed • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cwda7YWK0WQ • Positron emission tomography (PET) - brain-imaging method in which an injected radioactive sugar shows the activity of the brain with lighter colors indicating more activity. Menu LO 2.6 Structures of the bottom part of brain The Brain Stem • Medulla – Forms the lowest part of the brain • Responsible for lifesustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate. Medulla Menu The Brain Stem • Pons – Structure above the medulla • Connects the top of the brain to the bottom • Plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left–right body coordination, and arousal. Pons LO 2.6 Structures of the bottom part of brain The Brain Stem • Cerebellum part of the lower brain located behind the Pons • Controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine Cerebellum motor movement. Menu LO 2.7 Structures controlling emotion, learning, memory, and motivation The Limbic System • Limbic system - a group of several brain structures involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation. Thalamus Hypothalamus Olfactory Amygdala Hippocampus bulbs Menu LO 2.7 Structures controlling emotion, learning, memory, and motivation The Limbic System • Hypothalamuslocated below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland • Responsible for motivational behavior Hypothalamu s • Controls pituitary gland Menu The Limbic System • Thalamus - part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain • Relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex Thalamus The Limbic System • Hippocampus curved structure located within each temporal lobe • Formation of longterm memories and the storage of memory for location of objects. Hippocampus The Limbic System • Amygdala - brain structure located near the hippocampus • Responsible for fear responses and memory of fear. Amygdala The Limbic System • Olfactory bulbs two projections just under the front of the brain • Receive information from the receptors in the nose located just below. Olfactory bulbs LO 2.7 Structures controlling emotion, learning, memory, and motivation The Cortex • Cortex - outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons • responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input. Menu The Cortex: Various Primates LO 2.8 Parts of cortex controlling senses and movement Cerebral Hemispheres • Cerebral hemispheres - the two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain. • Corpus callosum - thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres. Corpus callosum Corpus callosum Menu LO 2.8 Parts of cortex controlling senses and movement Four Lobes of the Brain • Occipital lobe – section containing the visual centers of the brain. • Primary visual cortex – processes visual information from the eyes. • Visual association cortex – identifies and makes sense of visual information. Menu Four Lobes of the Brain • Parietal lobes – sections containing centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations. • Somatosensory cortex – responsible for processing information from the skin and receptors for touch, temperature, body position, and possibly taste. LO 2.8 Parts of cortex controlling senses and movement Four Lobes of the Brain • Temporal lobes – areas containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech. • Primary auditory cortex – processes auditory information from the ears. • Auditory association cortex – identifies/ makes sense of auditory information. Menu Four Lobes of the Brain • Frontal lobes – areas responsible for higher mental processes, decision making, and the production of fluent speech. • Motor cortex – responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system. Four Lobes: Summary LO 2.9 Parts of cortex responsible for higher thought Association Areas of Cortex • Association areas- areas responsible Wernicke’s aphasia for interpreting information Broca’s aphasia • Broca’s aphasia – result of damage to Broca’s area-Inability to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fw6d54gjuvA • Wernicke’s aphasia – result of damage to Wernicke’s areaInability to understand or produce meaningful language. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVhYN7NTIKU&feature=relat ed Menu Association Areas of the Brain • Spatial neglect - condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere • Inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADchGO-0kGo&feature=related LO 2.10 Left side and right side of brain Split Brain Research • Split brain research • Study of patients with severed corpus callosum. • Involves sending messages to only one side of the brain. • Demonstrates right and left brain specialization. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCv4K5aStdU Menu LO 2.10 Left side and right side of brain Results of Split Brain Research • Left side of the brain: • seems to control language, writing, logical thought, analysis, and mathematical abilities, • processes information sequentially, • Right side of the brain • controls emotional expression, spatial perception, recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, and emotions, • processes information globally Menu