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CHAPTER
The brain is
remarkable in
what it can do.
This lecture will
show that the
brain plays an
important part
in everything we
think and do.
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3
Brain,
Body and
Behavior
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Cerebral
Cortex
The cerebral
cortex is the
outermost layer of
the brain and
controls very high
level thought
processes.
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The Corpus Callosum
is a thin band of
tissues inside the
fissure.
Front
Left
Right
Rear
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Tasks of the
Cerebral
Hemispheres
The brain is
divided into
halves. Each half,
or hemisphere,
controls the
opposite side of the
body.
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Click on the arrows for more
information.
Cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Pituitary
Cerebellum
Amygdala
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Reticular activating
system
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The Lower Brain
The cerebral cortex covers, protects, and influences
the lower brain structures.
Cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Pituitary
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Cerebellum
Amygdala
Reticular activating
system
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Cerebellum
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The Lower Brain
The thalamus acts as a relay station to send incoming and
outgoing messages to appropriate areas in the brain.
Cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Pituitary
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information.
Cerebellum
Amygdala
Reticular activating
system
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Cerebellum
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The Lower Brain
The hypothalamus controls hunger, pleasure, thirst, rage,
and sexual desire.
Cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Pituitary
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information.
Cerebellum
Amygdala
Reticular activating
system
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Cerebellum
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The Lower Brain
The cerebellum helps you to stand upright and keeps your
movements coordinated.
Cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
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information.
Cerebellum
Amygdala
Reticular activating
system
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Cerebellum
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Other Lower Brain Structures
The Limbic System is involved with basic emotions
and memory. Two important structures include
the amygdala (emotional responses and
aggression)
the hippocampus (the formation of new
memories)
The Reticular Activating System keeps track of
nerve impulse activity and helps regulate how
alert or sleepy we feel.
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Brain Communication
A NEURON
is a nerve cell.
It is the
smallest part
of the nervous
system.
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Brain Communication
Dendrites
branch off
the body of
the neuron
and receive
impulses
from other
neurons.
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Brain Communication
Axons gather
impulses from
dendrites and
carry them to
other neurons.
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Brain Communication
The synapse is
the space
between the
axon of the
sending neuron
and the
dendrites of the
receiving
neuron.
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Neurotransmitters are
messenger molecules
(pain, pleasure, movement)
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Acetylcholine
• sends information to other nerve cells when some
part of the body moves
• can affect memory
• production of this neurotransmitter can be shut
down by food poisoning
Dopamine
• involved in movement
• a shortage can cause Parkinson’s disease
Endorphins
• relieve pain and
• increase the sense of well-being (“natural
morphine”)
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The Central and
Peripheral
Nervous Systems
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The Nervous System
Central Nervous System
The Brain and the Spinal Cord
Peripheral System
Somatic
Voluntary Muscles
and Sense Organs
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Autonomic
Involuntary Muscles
and Internal Organs
Parasympathetic
calms body after action
Sympathetic
prepares body for action
slows heartbeat
contracts pupils
stimulates digestion
etc.
dilates eyes
accelerates heartbeat
inhibits digestion
etc.
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The Endocrine System
Pituitary gland
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arrows for
more
information.
Thyroid
Adrenal gland
Female gonads
(ovaries)
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Male gonads
(testes)
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The Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland
Pituitary gland
• the master gland
• controlled by the
hypothalamus
• sends a message to other
glands to begin working
• determines how tall or
short a person will be
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Pituitary gland Thyroid
Gonads Adrenal gland
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The Endocrine System
The Gonads
• sex glands that produce
either sperm or eggs used
in reproduction
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Pituitary gland Thyroid
Gonads Adrenal gland
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Female gonads
(ovaries)
Male gonads
(testes)
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The Endocrine System
The Thyroid Gland
• controls metabolism
• overactive thyroid may
Thyroid
cause restlessness and
anxiety
• underactive thyroid may
result in sadness and even
depression
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Pituitary gland Thyroid
Gonads Adrenal gland
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The Endocrine System
The Adrenal Gland
• secretes adrenaline into
the bloodstream
• blood pressure goes up,
muscles tense, and hands
tremble
Adrenal gland
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Pituitary gland Thyroid
Gonads Adrenal gland
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Summary of Main
Topics Covered
Parts of the Brain
The Lower Brain
Brain Communication
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
The Endocrine System
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