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TheBrain-Part1 MammalianBrainDiversity Observationsofdifferentmammalianbrains • Commonalities:haveabiggerpartonthetopandasmallerpartonthebottom o Have‘flaps’and‘grooves’ o Brainsareremarkablysimilarinoverallstructure • Linearrelationshipbetweenbrainsizeandbodyweight o Abovetheline,brainisbiggerthanwouldbeexpectedforbodysize(tendto havemoreabilities) o Belowtheline,brainissmallerthanwouldbeexpectedforbodysize(tendto haveless/constrictedabilities) o Humanshavethebiggestbraingiventheirbodysize (http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/kinser/Size5.html) Einstein’sBrain • Analysisfoundtwoareasweredifferentfromaveragebrains o Prefrontalcortex(area9)-planning,attention,workingmemory o ParietalLobe(area39)-association,cortex,language o InthesetwopartsEinsteinhadmoreglialcellsandmoresulci(grooves) GivingDirectionsInsideyourBrain • • • • • • • • • Neuraxis-tube Rostral/anterior-front Ventral-bellyside Dorsal-backside Caudal/Posterior-end Lateral-towardsoutside Medial-towardsinside(midline) Contralateral-oppositesideofbody Ipsilateral-samesideofbody BrainPlanesofSection • Frontal,coronal,transversesection • Horizontalsection • Sagittalsection • Crosssection(spinalcord) • Graymatter:cellbodies(somas) o Towardsoutsideofbrain o Incenterofspinalcord • Whitematter:axons(myelinsheaths) o Middleofbrain http://homepage.smc.edu/russell_richard/Psych2/Graphics/Brain_directions_planes__sections_1_small.gif o Onoutsideofspinalcord NervousSystem:Overview • Nervoussystem o CentralNervousSystem:Brain(skull)andSpinalCord(vertebralcolumn/spine) o PeripheralNervousSystem:NervesandPeripheralGanglia MeningesandBloodVessels Meninges • Duramater:thick,unstretchablemembranethatcoversthebrain • Arachnoidmembrane:soft,spongy(weblike) o Sub-arachnoid:spacefilledwithCerebroSpinalFluid • Piamater:Followsbrainsurface,containsbloodvessels • Smallinfectionofthemeninges:headache,migraine • Largeinfection:meningitis • Causaequine(horsetail):backofspinalcord-sciatic nerve BrainVasculature • Brain(2%ofthebody)usesabout20%oftheoxygen absorbedbythelungs • Containslargenetworkofcapillaryvessels • Dense:onecantellwhichgroupofneuronsareactive bylookingatwherebloodflows(fMRI:glucoseand oxygen) • Migraine,stroke-causedbyproblemswiththeblood vessels TheCerebrospinalFluidandVentricles CerebralVentricles • Ventricles:hollowspacesfilledwithCerebrospinalfluid(CSF) • Lateralventricles->thirdventricle->cerebralaqueduct->fourthventricle-> subarachnoidspaceandcentralcanal • CSFproducedbythechoroidplexus(linestheventricles)fromblood • CSFabsorptioninthesinuses o Fullyreplacedevery6hours • Hydrocephalus-preventsCSFflowanditaccumulatesintheventricles,causingthemto enlarge o Occursin2/1000children,mostlycongenital(atbirth),alsothoughttobea resultofmeningitis o Shunting-insertpumptomakeCSFflow o Video:throughplasticity,Sharron(whohadhydrocephalus)canregainall functions,despitehavinghalfabrain o Note:plasticitytakestime,itwouldn’tbethesameasifanadultweretohaveit CSFSummary • Producedfrombloodbythechoroidplexi(all ventricles) • Fullreplacementevery6hours • Flowsallaroundbrainandspinalcord • Reabsorbedintotheblood • Ventriclesalsohaveroleindevelopment • Carriesnutrientsandactsasacushion DevelopmentalView NeuralMigration • On18thday…humansstartasaneuraltubemadeofprogenitorcells o Createlittlepathwaysonwhichothercellswillclimb o Growontopofit o By20weeks,thebrainlooks‘superficially’likeanadultbrain • Progenitorcellsdivide o Symmetricaldivision:ProgenitorcellandProgenitorcell->increaseventricular size o Asymmetricalcelldivision:ProgenitorcellandBraincell(radialglialcells- supportmigration,andneurons)->createbraintissue o Longera/symmetricaldivisionstages=largerbrains o After5months:Apoptosis-suicidesignalforprogenitorcells(tellscellstostop) o Ventriclesproduce2Xmoreneuronsthannecessaryandunusedneurons progressivelydiebyapoptosis • Thereisneurogenesisintheadultbrain(youcanproducenewneurons) o Inrats:hippocampus(learningandmemory)andolfactorybulb(senseofsmell) o Physicalexercisecanincreaseneurogenesis o Stressanddepressioncanreduceneurogenesis DevelopmentalStages • Telencephalon:cognitive+emotionalareas • Diencephalon:earlysensoryandhormonal • Mesencephalon:motivation,regulationofbehavior • Metencephalon:basicmotoractionandplans • Myelencephalon:interfacewithspinalcord • Forebrain:telencephalonanddiencephalon(cerebralhemispheres) • Midbrain:mesencephalon • Hindbrain:metencephalonandmyelencephalon(medulla) • Developsfrom4->6subdivisions Forebrain • • Forebrain=Telencephalon+Diencephalon Telencephalon=2hemispheres->1hemispheres->cerebralcortex,basalganglia,limbic system The3MajorFissures:2hemispheres • Fissure=fissures • Sulcus=sulci • Gyrus=gyri • Corpuscallosum(rightvs.left) http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/book/139.jpg o Contralateral o Perceptual+motorinfoflow o Rightsidebrainconnectstotheleftsideofthebodyandviceversa o Splitbrain:cannotpronouncewhatheseeswithhislefteyebecausethecorpus callosumisdisconnected • Braindoesn’thavealotofroomsothesulciandgyriallowforabiggersurfaceina smallerspace