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Nervous System Maintaining homeostasis a billion messages at a time… Functions • Monitor changes: sensation – Stimuli: sensory input (receptors) – Internal and external • Integrate – Processes – Interprets – Generates response • Respond – Motor output – Activates effector organs Cell Type • Neurons • Neurons use two types of signals to communicate: – electrical signals (long-distance) – chemical signals (short-distance) Cell Communication • Interpreting signals in the nervous system involves sorting a complex set of paths and connections • Processing of information takes place in simple clusters of neurons called ganglia or a more complex organization of neurons called a brain © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 48.2 Nerves with giant axons Ganglia Brain Arm Eye Nerve Mantle • Sensors detect external stimuli and internal conditions and transmit information along sensory neurons • Sensory information is sent to the brain or ganglia, where interneurons integrate the information • Motor output leaves the brain or ganglia via motor neurons, which trigger muscle or gland activity © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Two divisions • Central nervous system (CNS) – brain and spinal cord – Center for integration and control • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – Nerves and assoc. cells outside of CNS – Spinal nerves: carry information to and from the spinal cord – Cranial nerves: carry information to and from the brain Figure 48.3 Sensory input Integration Sensor Motor output Effector Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS) Central Nervous System • Integration and command center – Relays messages – Processes information – Analyzes information – Dictates motor responses Peripheral Nervous System • Communication lines • Link all parts of the body to the CNS Find this diagram Divisions of the PNS • Sensory (Afferent) Division: TO the CNS – Somatic afferent fibers: skin, skeletal muscles, joints – Visceral afferent fibers: visceral organs • Motor (Efferent) Division: FROM the CNS – Stimulates effector organs – Effect (bring about) motor response • Contraction • Secretion Branches of the Motor Division • Somatic Nervous System – Somatic motor nerve fibers – CNS to skeletal muscles – Voluntary – conscious control • Autonomic Nervous System – Visceral motor nerve fibers – CNS to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands – “a law unto itself” - involuntary And finally: divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System • Control same visceral organs • Opposite effects: antagonistic • Sympathetic: fight or flight – Emergency situations – mobilization • Parasympathetic: rest and digest – Nonemergency functions – Conserves energy Sympathetic CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC Brain • Release adrenaline and noradrenaline • Increases heart rate and blood pressure • Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles • Inhibits digestive functions Dilates pupil Stimulates salivation Relaxes bronchi Spinal cord Salivary glands Lungs Accelerates heartbeat Inhibits activity Heart Stomach Pancreas Stimulates glucose Secretion of adrenaline, nonadrenaline Relaxes bladder Sympathetic ganglia Stimulates ejaculation in male Liver Adrenal gland Kidney Parasympathetic CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC Brain • Calms body to conserve and maintain energy • Lowers heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure Contracts pupil Stimulates salivation Spinal cord Constricts bronchi Slows heartbeat Stimulates activity Stimulates gallbladder Gallbladder Contracts bladder Stimulates erection of sex organs Summary of autonomic differences Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Pupils dilate Parasympathetic division (calming) EYES Pupils contract SALIVATION Increases Perspires SKIN Dries Increases RESPIRATION Decreases Accelerates HEART Slows Inhibits DIGESTION Activates Secrete stress hormones ADRENAL GLANDS Decrease secretion of stress hormones Decreases Root Words • • • • Peri: about, around, enclosing, surrounding Visc: of or pertaining to the internal organs Soma: body Auto: self Brain: basic anatomy Cerebrum • Controls voluntary, conscious activities of the body Cerebellum • Coordinates and balances actions of muscles Brain Stem • Connects brain and spinal cord • Regulate flow of information between brain and rest of the body • Hearing and visual reflexes • Control over several automatic homeostatic functions: breathing, heart and blood vessel activity, swallowing, vomiting, digestion Thalamus • Receives messages from sense organs and directs to cerebrum for further processing Hypothalamus • Control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature • Central biological clock • Regulates pituitary gland (via hormone action…so this guy also belongs to the endocrine system) The Cerebral Cortex Cerebrum divided into four lobes – named for the skull bones that cover them… Named for the parts of the skull they sit under Lobes of the cerebrum…