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States of Consciousness SLEEP Consciousness Awareness of yourself and your environment • Being awake and aware – Are automatic behaviors conscious • Freud: what you are actively thinking about • Which of the following is consciousness – Sleeping – Coma -- Talking to your friend -- Having Fainted Consciousness versus Automatic • What we are not aware of typically falls out of our definition of consciousness • Consciousness: when brain activity crosses a threshold of intensity – Chord=conscious, notes=unconscious • Consciousness lags behind brain activity. • Conscious processing is serial States of Consciousness Biological Rhythms • Biological Rhythms are physiological/biological patterns • Types – Circadian: once/day • Examples: sleep-wake cycle, others? – Ultradian: >once/day • Examples: sleep cycles, others? – Infradian: <once/day • Examples? Sleep Rhythms • Circadian • Arousal peaks during the day, dips early after, and then drops before we go to bed • As we age we move from night owl to early birds – This progresses as we age – Starts around age 20 (bit earlier for women) • Light is a key determinate in our sleep rhythms Hormones and Sleep • Light activates light-sensitive retinal proteinstriggers signals in the brain’s suprachiasmatic nucleus • The SUPER NUCLEUUUUUS causes the pineal gland to increase or decrease melatonin • Brain accumulates adenosine over the day and declines at night – Adenosine makes us sleepy • Artificial light delays sleep and shifts our cycle back How We Fall Sleep • Hypothalamus controls body’s rhythm – Monitors light: when dark sends signals to get into sleep mode • Hormones (chemical messengers) – Melatonin: correlated with hypothalamus’s regulated schedules and light v. dark, helps signal us to sleep. – Used as a therapy for insomnia • Preserve Why We Sleep – Evolutionarily advantageous to sleep when we can’t see – Protect us from predators – Animals that don’t need to hide and need to graze sleep less • Restore/Repair – Rebuild tissues and neurons – Grow – Consolidate memories Sleep Debt • How much sleep do we need? – Adolescents: 8ish hours – Babies: 13-16 hrs! – Old people: 6ish hours! • Most adults will ideally sleep 9 hrs • If we don’t get itsleep debt Effects of Sleep Debt • Decreases immune system functioning • Increase cortisol: weight, memory, learning • Accidents • Accidents increase after spring forward and decrease after fall back • Decreased productivity and performance • Increased likelihood for hypertension, irritability, lower cancer-fighting immune • Sleep affects people’s moods more than money! • Sleep is closely correlated with personal life satisfaction Can we pay back sleep debt? • Bodies do keep track of sleep debt (2 weeks) • There is a difference between short term and long term sleep debt • One late night can be partially paid back with a late morning – Improvement only lasts for six hours! – Merely masks sleep debt • Long term accumulation can cause sudden sleepiness • Becomes a physiological habit Sleep Stages • Occurs in a 90 minute ultradian cycle • Each cycle has two types of sleep – Types: REM (rapid eye movement) and NREM (non-rapid eye movement) • Five stages (1 stage of REM, 4 NREM) • To monitor stages we use EEG (electroencephalograph) – Electrodes measure brain waves – Compare electrical activity in different regions of the brain – Usually five regions are monitored Sleep Waves Wave Summaries • Alpha Waves • Delta Waves – 7.5-14 Hz – Awake, relaxed – Meditation – .5-4 Hz – Deep sleep – Regenerativ e sleep • Beta Waves • Gamma Waves – 14-40 Hz – Normal awakened alertness – Higher stress, but pretty common • Theta Waves – 4-7.5 Hz – Sleep (including REM) – >40 Hz – Very new! – Short bursts of insight/adv anced processing Stages One • Stage One – Transition between awake and asleep – Slowed breathing, irregular brain waves – Individual might not even claimed to have been asleep, they were “just resting their eyes” – Irregular Waves – Characteristics: hallucinations, hypnagogic sensations (falling, floating) • Stage Two Stages Two – Characterized activity • Burst of brain activity: spindles • K-Complex, largest event in normal EEG activity – Clearly asleep, but can be woken – Sleep talking can occur Stage Three and Four • Stage Three – Deep Sleep – Presence of delta waves (high amplitude, low frequency) • 5-50% at stage three • Entirely at stage four – Hard to wake up – End of stage four is when you see sleep walking and bed wetting Stage Five (REM Sleep) • REM=Rapid Eye Movement • Brain waves appear almost as if you were awake – Paradoxical Sleep: mind awake, but can’t be aroused • Eyes move, pulse and breathing are faster, blood flow increases • Eyes dart under closed lids every 30 seconds • Temporary paralysis through the brainstem • Dreams occur • Sexual arousal occurs (and can last after REM) – Nightmares are an exception Your Body Asleep • We process information outside of conscious awareness – Sound of a baby versus a train – Falling out of bed • Motor cortex is active – Brainstem blocks messages from the motor cortex – Fundamental paralyzed minus slight muscle twitches Dreams • Occurs during REM sleep • Often emotional and storylike seeming to include almost hallucinations • Visual and auditory areas are more active in REM and inactive in other stages • Eye movement does not match dream content or watching dream • On average people spend 100 minutes in REM (20-25%) – Everyone dreams! Lucid Dreams • Dreams where you are aware you are dreaming • Having some control over role in dream • More beta waves and parietal lobe activity Why We Dream • Reason 1: Information Processing – Shift and sort through the day’s experiences – Delta sleep stabilizes memories and REM sleep helps cement them into learning • Correlation between grades and sleep – More stress, more sleep – What about dreams about nothing we have experienced? Why We Dream • Reason 2: Physiological Function – REM activity (aka dreams) provides brain stimulation to support growth (remember your neurons!) – Growth hormone is secreted during delta sleep – Babies need much more REM sleep than other individuals – Problem: what about meaningful dreams? Why We Dream • Reason 3: ActivationSynthesis – Minds way of making sense out of random neural firings – Problem: why does it make the stories that it does? Where does the content come from? Why We Dream • Reason Four: Freud’s Wish Fulfillment – The Interpretation of Dreams – Manifest Content • Story line of dreams • Symbolic – Latent Content • What the symbols mean • Usually sexual – Problems • Lack scientific evidence Why We Dream • Reason Five: Cognitive Development – Part of intellectual/brain development – Dreams move from slideshows in childhood to movie where dreamer is an actor – Dreams use our concepts, knowledge, and skills Good chart on page 289 Sleep Disorders 1. Insomnia: Can’t stay or fall asleep 2. Narcolepsy: Sudden, overwhelming sleeping 3. Sleep Apnea: Snoring to the extent one stops breathing 4. Night Terrors 5. Somnambulism: Sleep walking 6. Enuresis: Bed wetting 1: Insomnia • Consistent problems staying or falling asleep • People tend to overestimate how long it takes them to fall asleep • Solutions – – – – – Sleeping pills/alcohol: aggravate the problem! Relax before bedtime Establish routine Use dimmer light Avoid caffeine and rich food (glass of milk can be okay because it provides serotonin) – Build a consistent schedule and avoid naps – Exercise regularly but not in the late evening – Aim for less sleep 2: Narcolepsy • Periodic, overwhelming sleepiness for (usually) < 3 minutes • Can collapse into REM sleep • Affects about 1 in 2000 people • There seems to be a correlation with birth month and disorder • Genetic – Absence of the hypothalamic neural center that produces hypocretin • Temporary cessations of breathing during sleep with momentary awakenings • Affects mostly overweight men • Symptoms: tired and irritable during the day (spouse often has similar symptoms) • Affects about 1 in 20 • Solutions – CPAP Machine (mask with air pump to help keep airways open) 3: Sleep Apnea 4: Night Terrors • High arousal and terror mid-stage four sleep • Sufferer is usually a child and will have no recollection of the event • Usually outgrown • As we spend less time in stage four we see less of this, that’s why it is outgrown 5: Somnambulism • Sleep walking • Stage four disorder – As we spend less time in stage four we see less of this, that’s why it is outgrown • Runs in families (much like sleep talking) HYPNOSIS DRUGS