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Transcript
THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE GENETIC FACTORS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM THE BRAIN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM THE NEUROSCIENCE REVOLUTION NEUROPHARMACOLOGY PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY INTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SYSTEMS http://www.morphonix.com/software/education/science/brain/game/specimens/specimens.html THE NEUROSCIENCE REVOLUTION Neuroanatomy Neuropathology Neurochemistry Neuropharmacology Neuropsychology THE NEURON Types of Neurons Communication Neurons “fire” Action Potential releases neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and bind to the post-synaptic membrane of the neighboring neuron(s) Excitatory or inhibitory The circle of events continues… The network of neural cells is highly specialized http://www.morphonix.com/software/education/science/brain/game/specimens/specimens.html http://www.morphonix.com/software/education/science/brain/game/specimens/specimens.html Purkinje Cell • Main players in the cerebellum • Long Distance Connections • Most number of connections http://www.morphonix.com/software/education/science/brain/game/specimens/specimens.html The Brain BROCA’S AREA FOR SPEECH BRAIN AT 15 WEEKS GESTATION BRAIN AT 32 WEEKS GESTATION cerebellum pons Medulla Breathing Heart rate regulation Pons Reticular formation • Sleep • Arousal Cerebellum Many fine folds; large surface area Muscle movement & muscle tone Balance Some learning & memory Hindbrain Midbrain Medulla Reticular formation Cerebellum Dopamine produced Relay of visual and auditory signals Forebrain Diencephalon • Hypothalamus • thalamus Telencephalon • cortex Divisions of the Brain THE BRAIN Diencephalon Thalamus “relay station” for sensory information (except smell) • Directs sensory signals to appropriate areas of cortex Hypothalamus Involved in motivated behavior (feeding, drinking, sex) Regulates the internal environment of the body • Fight-or-flight response • Endocrine System • Temperature Control LIMBIC LOBE GRAPHIC OVERLAY Limbic System Hippocampus (blue) (purple) Basal Ganglia Initiates Movement e.g., walking Gross motor control Many smaller structures Affected in Parkinson’s Sensorimotor Cortex, Left Hemisphere OLFACTORY TRACT BRAIN IMAGING COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY (CT) MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY (MRS) SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (SPECT) POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PT) POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PT SCAN) PET SCAN NORMAL AND PARKINSON’S DISEASE
