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The Nervous System: Study Guide Major Functions of the CNS _____________________________ of all parts of the body Coordinates all _________________________ ____________________________from stimuli all over the body elicits _________________________________ to stimuli, both ______________and involuntary Key Components of the CNS The _________________________________ is composed of the ________ and Spinal cord. All __________________________ (the PNS) branch off of the _____________________. Nerve cells, or _______________, receive and transmit ______________________throughout the body. There are ____________________________________ (we will discuss these as part of the PNS) The Neuron: Basic Structure and Function (Draw a neuron labeling the following) o o o o o o o Dendrites Nucleus Cell Body Axon Myelin Sheath Synaptic Cleft/ Synapse neurotransmitter How can a nerve impulse be transmitted from one neuron to another without their coming in contact with one another? What structures are involved?_______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ What is a ‘nerve impulse?’ A nervous impulse is referred to as an ______________________, a rapid change in ______ ________________________ across the cell membrane (__________). After visiting the website, and viewing the animation, explain how an action potential works: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Your brain and spinal cord are composed of _________________________________________ sending and receiving messages every second Gray Matter vs. White Matter Gray matter consists primarily of ________________________________, and capillaries. In contrast, ___________________, mostly contains ______________________________ tracts. The color difference arises mainly from ________________________________________. The numerous infoldings, or ________, serve to ________________________________ of the cerebrum and cerebellum. Basic Brain Organization The brain exhibits “________________________________” with 2 hemispheres. It is composed of 4 basic structures: o o o o ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, it controls: o o o o o o o o ________________ learning ________________ memory (long and short term) ________________ language ________________ conscious motor function (_______________). Regions and functions of the Cerebral Cortex Frontal Lobe: _____________, ______________, _________________, ________________ Parietal Lobe: ___________, ____________, ______________, ____________, _____________ Occipital Lobe: ____________ Temporal Lobe: He______________, ________________ Describe “Lateralization” with regard cerebral function: ________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Brain Organization: The Diencephalon The “_______________________” is composed of the __________ and _________________. The Thalamus ______________________and transmits impulses to the ________ for processing The Hypothalamus stimulates the ______________________ to secrete various hormones. ** The _________________________ is a long band of _____________________ which allows communication between the ______________________________________________. The _____________________ releases a hormone which _______________________________. Located deep inside the brain, the _______________________ is responsible for ______________________________________ to long-term memories. The fornix is an _________________________ of nervous tissue adjacent to the thalamus, it connects the _____________________ to the ______________________. Brain organization: The Brain Stem The “Brain Stem” is composed of 3 distinct parts: _______________, _______________, ______________________ Continuous with the ________________________, It is a small but __________________________________ part of the brain. The ______________ (continuous with the thalamus) acts as a ______________________ for ______________ and _____________l information. The __________relays signals from the ______________ to the ____________________, it regulates sleep, ____________________, bladder control, ___________________, taste, eye movement, _____________________________, facial sensation, and _____________. The _____________________________ controls autonomic functions including ________________, heart rate, ____________________, and ___________________________. Key Components of the CNS: The Cerebellum The cerebellum contributes to: o o o o o o o ____________________ precision ____________________ posture ____________________ spatial perception ____________________ Contrary to popular belief, the Cerebellum does NOT _________________________. Which part of the brain does this? ___________________ The Cerebellum works with the _________________ (the thalamus) to _____________________________________________________________________________. Protecting the Brain Directly beneath the ___________ lie 3 membranes called _________________. The 1st layer, just below the ________________, is the ___________. Tough and thick like a _______________, it __________________________________ of the brain within the skull. The middle membrane, the ____________________, looks similar to a ____________________. Closest to the brain is a membrane called the ______, containing _________________________ which bring ______________ to the brain and carry _________________________ away from it. Between the arachnoid and the Pia, is clear _________________________________. The brain ______________ in this fluid, providing ‘_____________________’ as well as _______________________________________ protection. The Spinal Cord The spinal cord _________________________ information both to and from the brain. It is _________________________ the brain stem. It is composed of ___________________________________, of which there are 3 Types: Draw a picture showing the 3 different types of neural networks here: The spinal cord ________________________, and sends/receives trillions of signals continuously to ___________________________________________. The Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System The __________________________ nervous system is responsible for the ____________________________________________, which occurs ______________________. It is specifically is responsible for ________________________________________ that occur when ________________________________… The ______________________ nervous system mobilizes the body's resources under ______________conditions; initiating a cascade of ‘__________________________’ responses. Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous system (ANS): The Enteric Nervous System The ______________________________ is a subdivision of the___________ that directly controls _____________________________________. It acts as an _____________________________, both with and without _________________. Sensory neurons report on ________________ and _________________conditions while the ________________________in ________________________ govern ________________________________ of intestinal contents. Other neurons control _________________________. Protecting the Spinal Cord The spinal column, composed of numerous ______________________house and _____________ the spinal cord. Draw a spinal column labeling the different sections: __________________________________ separate vertebrae and ________________________. QUIZ! 1. This lobe of the cerebrum houses your intellect, emotions, and consciousness: 2. This region of the brain acts as a relay station for sensory input: 3. These neurons transfer impulses from the brain to skeletal muscle: 4. This allows communication between the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex: 5. Balance, posture, and motor skills are coordinated here: 6. Breathing, heart rate, and other autonomic functions are controlled by this: 7. Trillions of peripheral nerves branch off of this: 8. Name one of the 3 protective layers (meninges) found between the cranium (skull) and the brain itself. 9. This houses and protects the spinal cord: 10. This lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for initiating movement and sensory input processing: