* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download The Cerebral Cortex
Artificial general intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Environmental enrichment wikipedia , lookup
Neurogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Lateralization of brain function wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience of music wikipedia , lookup
Time perception wikipedia , lookup
Blood–brain barrier wikipedia , lookup
Emotional lateralization wikipedia , lookup
Neuroesthetics wikipedia , lookup
Donald O. Hebb wikipedia , lookup
Neuroinformatics wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Neurophilosophy wikipedia , lookup
Brain morphometry wikipedia , lookup
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Neurolinguistics wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Microneurography wikipedia , lookup
Selfish brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Neural correlates of consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
History of neuroimaging wikipedia , lookup
Human brain wikipedia , lookup
Circumventricular organs wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy of memory wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Right vs. Left Brain Reflection Please complete the following questions in 8-10 complete sentences. We will be typing this in the media center the second half of the block. 1. Do you agree with the test’s findings? Why/Why not? 2. How do you see your actions reflecting what your results were? 3. How would you assess those around you on whether they are right or left brain dominant? Value Walk!! 1. Whether you agree/disagree 2. Why? 1 I agree with the Right vs. Left Brain test findings we completed the other day. 2 Our brain is what separates us as humans from other animals. 3 Animals cannot have a “mind of their own.” (This is reserved for humans) 4 “Use it or lose it” applies to our brains as well. 5 It is difficult to decide if the brain is actually working like it should. Unit 2: Biopsychology Unit 2 Learning Outcomes • Identify basic processes and systems in the biological bases of behavior, including parts of the neuron and the process of transmission of a signal between neurons • Describe the nervous system and its subdivisions and functions: — central and peripheral nervous systems; — major brain regions, lobes, and cortical areas; — brain lateralization and hemispheric specialization • Recount historic and contemporary research strategies and technologies that support research (e .g ., case studies, split-brain research, imaging techniques) • Discuss psychology’s abiding interest in how heredity, environment, and evolution work together to shape behavior Neurons and Nerves Neurons and Nerves The purpose of the nervous system is to generate behaviors. Neurons and Nerves How do we get from small neurons to behaviors? 1 neuron = nothing Many = ability for complicated tasks Neuron Neuron Dendrites receive the messages from other neurons Put a 1 or 2 word description that you come up with The Soma is the main body of the neuron and also takes in messages The Axon carries information away from the cell body. The Axon Terminals are the branches that link dendrites to other cell bodies. Right hand = Dendrites Body = Soma Left Arm = Axon Left Hand = Axon Terminal Nerve Impulse 7 milliseconds!! Nerve cells have tiny chemical molecules called ions which hold a + or – charge. Usually a neuron is at rest, called the resting potential. How fast? Once the charge/resting potential changes enough the cell will reach a threshhold and will fire. The action potential has been reached. What are the steps? The formation of an action potential can be divided into five steps. (1)A stimulus from a sensory cell or another neuron causes the target cell to depolarize toward the threshold potential. (2) If the threshold is reached, all Na+ channels open and the membrane depolarizes. (3) At the peak action potential, K+ channels open and K+ begins to leave the cell. At the same time, Na+ channels close. (4) The membrane becomes hyperpolarized as K+ ions continue to leave the cell. The hyperpolarized membrane is in a refractory period and cannot fire. (5)The K+ channels close and the Na+/K+ transporter restores the resting potential. Nerve Impulses firing Once the charge/resting potential changes enough the cell will reach a threshhold and will fire. How does the impulse travel? The membrane is pierced by little tunnels called ion channels that open during an Action Potential. This is an all or nothing event. There is no “kinda” traveled. I would like for you to create a “storyboard” of a nerve impulse. Reflection Question: Describe the steps needed for an impulse to travel. Be sure to include a minimum of 5 steps and the following words; Ion Action Potential Threshold Resting Potential Discussion Questions 1. Which part of the neuron do you feel is the most important and why? What are the steps? 1. Which part of the neuron do you feel is the most important and why? Discussion Questions 2. Describe how transmission of a neural impulse occurs. Discussion Questions 3. Describe Other Cells of the Nervous System. Which is most important and why? Discussion Questions 4. Describe the 3 basic types of neurons (in the Neuronal circuitry section). Discussion Questions 5. Describe the 3 types of neuronal pathways common to all vertebrates. Which is most important, why? -A-alpha nerve fibers carry information related to proprioception (muscle sense). -A-beta nerve fibers carry information related to touch. -A-delta nerve fibers carry information related to pain and temperature. -C-nerve fibers carry information related to pain, temperature and itch. Transmission of Nerve Impulse Prior to 1850, it was believed that nerves traveled 11 million miles per second! Of course this is not true… Hermann von Helmholtz in 1850 Transmission of Nerve Impulse In 1850 Hermann von Helmholtz found it to be much slower, 50-100 M/sec 1. 2. 3. 4. Cut out a muscle and nerve fiber from frog leg. He would stimulate the nerve at various distances from the muscle and measure the time Found that when he stimulated closer to the muscle, it was a faster time He deduced that the distance between the point of stimulation divided by the time difference S=D/T Lobes of Brain Lobes of Brain Advanced topics to add to poster Does your part of the brain play a role in; -Language -Movement -Memory -Life Functions -Difference between Right and Left hemispheres How is your part of the brain developed/shaped? Lobes of Brain Reflection You have just discussed 7 parts of the brain that are crucial to human life. Please complete the following which will allow you to compare and contrast the different parts of the brain. Rank each of the parts of the brain from 1-7 with 1 being the most important and 7 being the least. With each ranking, please provide a reason why you placed that section of the brain in that ranking. In the blank box, justify your #1 choice? The Nervous System Neurons are not the same as nerves. Nerves are large bundles of axons and dendrites, while neurons are tiny individual cells. We can see nerves because they are coated with a fatty layer of tissue called myelin. The Nervous System The gaps in myelin help the nerve impulses move quickly, leaping from gap to gap. What happens if it is damaged? Numbness, Weakness, Paralysis The Nervous System Multiple Sclerosis is a disease where someone’s own immune system attacks and destroys myelin. The Nervous System This thin layer of cells allows damages to repair themselves, except for the brain and spinal cord, where what you see is what you get. Neural Networks Central Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous system: Network of nerves carrying information to and from the brain and spinal cord What would we use to play an instrument? Peripheral nervous system Somatic vs. Autonomic Somatic carries messages to and from the sense organs and skeletal muscles, controlling voluntary behavior. Autonomic serves internal organs and glands, is selfgoverning Peripheral nervous system Somatic vs. Autonomic Somatic carries messages to and from the sense organs and skeletal muscles, controlling voluntary behavior. Autonomic serves internal organs and glands, is selfgoverning Afferent Nerves -Sensory Neurons that relay impulses toward the CNS Efferent Nerves -Motor neurons that relay impulses away from CNS Autonomic Nervous System Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic Sympathetic is the emergency system, preparing body for fight or flight. Parasympathetic quiets the body back down, moderates the vital functions (like heart reate) Autonomic Nervous System experiment Heart Rate 1 minute Rest 2 minute Rest 3 minute Read Journal 4 minute Read Journal 5 minute Rest Autonomic Nervous System experiment 1 minute 2 minute 3 minute 4 minute 5 minute 6 minute 7 minute 8 minute Psychology Unit 2 Lobes of Brain/Vocab. LC Please define/give the function of the following: 5 minutes to review lobes/areas of the brain Psychology Unit 2 Lobes of Brain/Vocab. LC Please define/give the function of the following: 1. Occipital Lobe 2. Parietal Lobe 3. Temporal Lobe 4. Frontal Lobe 5. Neuron 6. Dendrites 7. Resting Potential 8. Synapse 9. Threshold 10. Central Nervous System 11. Afferent Nerves 12. Efferent Nerves 13. Parasympathetic Nervous System 14. Sympathetic Nervous System 1. Occipital Lobe-Back portion of the brain/cerebral cortex where vision registers. 2. Parietal Lobe-Are of the brain on top/ near the back where bodily sensations register 3. Temporal Lobe-Area on side of the brain where hearing registers in the brain 4. Frontal Lobe-area of brain associated with movement, sense of smell, and higher mental functions 5. Neuron-An individual nerve cell, takes information and passes it on 6. Dendrites-neuron fibers that look like the roots of a tree and receive incoming messages 7. Resting Potential-the electrical charge of a neuron at rest 8. Synapse-microscopic space between two neurons, over which messages pass 9. Threshold-The point at which a nerve impulse is triggered, the final straw/tipping point 10. Central Nervous System-consists of the brain and spinal cord 11. Afferent Nerves-Sensory Neurons that relay impulses toward the CNS 12. Efferent Nerves- Motor neurons that relay impulses away from CNS 13. Parasympathetic Nervous System- Calms system back down 14. Sympathetic Nervous System-Gets system ready for Fight or flight Limitless What would you do? Pros Cons The Cerebral Cortex The only area in which we as humans excel is intelligence. The Cerebral Cortex The more complex the animal, the larger the proportion of the brain that is devoted to the cerebrum, or the two hemispheres. The Cerebral Cortex The cerebral cortex is where 70% of our CNS neurons are located, even though it is only 3mm thick. The Cerebral Cortex The reason we are so smart is because of the corticalization or size and wrinkling of the brain Lower animals have smooth brains. The Cerebral Cortex The cortex is composed of two cerebral hemispheres, or sides. The hemispheres are connected by a thick band of fibers called the corpus callosum. The Cerebral Cortex Right hemisphere damage=left-side damage Left hemisphere damage=right-side damage Idea of spatial neglect The Cerebral Cortex The Cerebral Cortex Is it possible to test only one side of the brain??? In some patients with epilepsy, the corpus callosum is cut. Called a splitbrain operation Further labeling of the brain Premotor Cortex Direct control of movement behavior, specifically the trunk region Prefrontal Cortex Plans complex behaviors, personality, making decisions, and knowing social behaviors Executive Function Motor Cortex Planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements Broca’s Area Major speech and language area, grammar and pronunciation (executes the plan of what we are going to say) Wernicke’s Area areas that controls written and spoken language (formulate what we are going to say) These are essentially landmarks of the brain Central Fissure/Sulcus Separates parietal from frontal lobe Lateral Fissure/Sulcus Separates frontal and parietal from temporal lobe Further labeling of the brain Medulla Controls breathing, swallowing, digestion, and heartbeat, sneezing, Pons Acts as bridge between medulla and other structures. Relays messages. Influences sleep and arousal Further labeling of the brain Reticular Formation Attention, alertness, reflexes, balance, posture Know how vs. Know what RAS –reticular activating systemInformation from the sense organs registers, possibly pain Lymbic System Thalamus Relays sensory and motor information to the cerebral cortex Hypothalamus Regulates emotional behaviors and motives, also hunger, thirst, and temp., innate parenting Amygdala Fear/reward responses, allows us to respond Hippocampus Stores memories, forming, organizing, storing memories, cognitition Using what you learned about the brain, please create a sketch of your brain with; 1. 2. Correct labels Visual representation of each part (for the occipital lobe, I would draw an eye) a. Frontal Lobe b. Parietal Lobe c. Occipital Lobe d. Temporal Lobe e. Cerebellum f. Wernicke’s Area g. Motor Cortex h. Broca’s Area i. Central Fissure j. Pons k. Lateral Fissure l. Hippocampus m. Amygdala n. Hypothalamus o. Thalamus Brain Diagram Stem Cell Learning Stations You will have approximately 5-7 minutes at each station to read, discuss with your group, and take down the information. While reading, you will want to pay close attention to; -summary of main points -key words -any slant of the article -pros/cons The Cerebral Cortex I would like you to take a look at page 66 in your textbooks, it shows a diagram of how much space of the cortex is assigned to motor functions. Take the rest of the class to create your own diagram that mirrors this diagram. Use the same words, but choose your own images.