Download The Cerebral Cortex

Right vs. Left Brain Reflection
Please complete the following questions
in 8-10 complete sentences. We will be
typing this in the media center the
second half of the block.
1. Do you agree with the test’s findings?
Why/Why not?
2. How do you see your actions
reflecting what your results were?
3. How would you assess those around
you on whether they are right or left
brain dominant?
Value Walk!!
1. Whether you agree/disagree
2. Why?
1
I agree with the Right vs. Left
Brain test findings we completed
the other day.
2
Our brain is what
separates us as
humans from other
animals.
3
Animals cannot have a
“mind of their own.”
(This is reserved for
humans)
4
“Use it or lose it”
applies to our brains as
well.
5
It is difficult to decide
if the brain is actually
working like it should.
Unit 2: Biopsychology
Unit 2 Learning Outcomes
• Identify basic processes and systems in the biological bases of
behavior, including parts of the neuron and the process of transmission
of a signal between neurons
• Describe the nervous system and its subdivisions and functions:
— central and peripheral nervous systems;
— major brain regions, lobes, and cortical areas;
— brain lateralization and hemispheric specialization
• Recount historic and contemporary research strategies and
technologies that support research (e .g ., case studies, split-brain
research, imaging techniques)
• Discuss psychology’s abiding interest in how heredity, environment,
and evolution work together to shape behavior
Neurons and Nerves
Neurons and Nerves
The purpose of the nervous system is to
generate behaviors.
Neurons and Nerves
How do we get from small neurons to
behaviors?
1 neuron = nothing
Many = ability for complicated tasks
Neuron
Neuron
Dendrites receive the
messages from other
neurons
Put a 1 or 2 word
description that
you come up with
The Soma is the main
body of the neuron and
also takes in messages
The Axon carries
information away from
the cell body.
The Axon Terminals are
the branches that link
dendrites to other cell
bodies.
Right hand = Dendrites
Body = Soma Left Arm = Axon Left Hand = Axon Terminal
Nerve Impulse
7 milliseconds!!
Nerve cells have tiny
chemical molecules
called ions which hold a
+ or – charge.
Usually a neuron is at
rest, called the resting
potential.
How fast?
Once the charge/resting potential
changes enough the cell will reach a
threshhold and will fire. The action
potential has been reached.
What are the steps?
The formation of an action potential can be divided into five steps.
(1)A stimulus from a sensory cell or another neuron causes the
target cell to depolarize toward the threshold potential.
(2) If the threshold is reached, all Na+ channels open and the
membrane depolarizes.
(3) At the peak action potential, K+ channels open and K+ begins to
leave the cell. At the same time, Na+ channels close.
(4) The membrane becomes hyperpolarized as K+ ions continue to
leave the cell. The hyperpolarized membrane is in a refractory
period and cannot fire.
(5)The K+ channels close and the Na+/K+ transporter restores the
resting potential.
Nerve Impulses firing
Once the charge/resting
potential changes
enough the cell will
reach a threshhold and
will fire.
How does the impulse travel?
The membrane is pierced by little
tunnels called ion channels that
open during an Action Potential.
This is an all or nothing event.
There is no “kinda” traveled.
I would like for you to create a
“storyboard” of a nerve impulse.
Reflection Question:
Describe the steps needed for an impulse to travel. Be sure to include a
minimum of 5 steps and the following words;
Ion
Action Potential
Threshold
Resting Potential
Discussion Questions
1. Which part of the
neuron do you feel is
the most important and
why?
What are the steps?
1. Which part of the
neuron do you feel is
the most important and
why?
Discussion Questions
2. Describe how
transmission of a neural
impulse occurs.
Discussion Questions
3. Describe Other Cells
of the Nervous System.
Which is most
important and why?
Discussion Questions
4. Describe the 3 basic
types of neurons (in the
Neuronal circuitry
section).
Discussion Questions
5. Describe the 3 types
of neuronal pathways
common to all
vertebrates. Which is
most important, why?
-A-alpha nerve fibers carry information
related to proprioception (muscle
sense).
-A-beta nerve fibers carry information
related to touch.
-A-delta nerve fibers carry information
related to pain and temperature.
-C-nerve fibers carry information
related to pain, temperature and itch.
Transmission of Nerve
Impulse
Prior to 1850, it was believed
that nerves traveled 11
million miles per second!
Of course this is not true…
Hermann von Helmholtz in
1850
Transmission of Nerve Impulse
In 1850 Hermann von
Helmholtz found it to be
much slower, 50-100 M/sec
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cut out a muscle and nerve
fiber from frog leg.
He would stimulate the nerve
at various distances from the
muscle and measure the time
Found that when he stimulated
closer to the muscle, it was a
faster time
He deduced that the distance
between the point of
stimulation divided by the time
difference S=D/T
Lobes of Brain
Lobes of Brain
Advanced topics to add to poster
Does your part of the brain play a role in;
-Language
-Movement
-Memory
-Life Functions
-Difference between Right and Left hemispheres
How is your part of the brain developed/shaped?
Lobes of Brain Reflection
You have just discussed 7 parts of the brain that are crucial to human life.
Please complete the following which will allow you to compare and contrast the
different parts of the brain.
Rank each of the parts of the brain from 1-7 with 1 being the most important and 7
being the least. With each ranking, please provide a reason why you placed that section
of the brain in that ranking.
In the blank box, justify your #1 choice?
The Nervous System
Neurons are not the same
as nerves. Nerves are large
bundles of axons and
dendrites, while neurons
are tiny individual cells.
We can see nerves because
they are coated with a fatty
layer of tissue called
myelin.
The Nervous System
The gaps in myelin help the
nerve impulses move
quickly, leaping from gap to
gap.
What happens if it is
damaged?
Numbness, Weakness,
Paralysis
The Nervous System
Multiple Sclerosis is a
disease where someone’s
own immune system
attacks and destroys
myelin.
The Nervous System
This thin layer of cells
allows damages to repair
themselves, except for the
brain and spinal cord,
where what you see is
what you get.
Neural Networks
Central Nervous System:
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous system:
Network of nerves carrying
information to and from the
brain and spinal cord
What would we use to play
an instrument?
Peripheral nervous system
Somatic vs. Autonomic
Somatic carries messages to
and from the sense organs
and skeletal muscles,
controlling voluntary
behavior.
Autonomic serves internal
organs and glands, is selfgoverning
Peripheral nervous system
Somatic vs. Autonomic
Somatic carries messages to
and from the sense organs
and skeletal muscles,
controlling voluntary
behavior.
Autonomic serves internal
organs and glands, is selfgoverning
Afferent Nerves
-Sensory Neurons
that relay
impulses toward
the CNS
Efferent Nerves
-Motor neurons
that relay
impulses away
from CNS
Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic
vs.
Sympathetic
Sympathetic is the
emergency system,
preparing body for fight or
flight.
Parasympathetic quiets the
body back down, moderates
the vital functions (like
heart reate)
Autonomic Nervous System experiment
Heart Rate
1 minute
Rest
2 minute
Rest
3 minute
Read Journal
4 minute
Read Journal
5 minute
Rest
Autonomic Nervous System experiment
1 minute
2 minute
3 minute
4 minute
5 minute
6 minute
7 minute
8 minute
Psychology Unit 2 Lobes of Brain/Vocab. LC
Please define/give the function of
the following:
5 minutes to review lobes/areas
of the brain
Psychology Unit 2 Lobes of Brain/Vocab. LC
Please define/give the function of the following:
1. Occipital Lobe
2. Parietal Lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Frontal Lobe
5. Neuron
6. Dendrites
7. Resting Potential
8. Synapse
9. Threshold
10. Central Nervous System
11. Afferent Nerves
12. Efferent Nerves
13. Parasympathetic Nervous System
14. Sympathetic Nervous System
1. Occipital Lobe-Back portion of the brain/cerebral cortex where vision
registers.
2. Parietal Lobe-Are of the brain on top/ near the back where bodily sensations
register
3. Temporal Lobe-Area on side of the brain where hearing registers in the brain
4. Frontal Lobe-area of brain associated with movement, sense of smell, and
higher mental functions
5. Neuron-An individual nerve cell, takes information and passes it on
6. Dendrites-neuron fibers that look like the roots of a tree and receive incoming
messages
7. Resting Potential-the electrical charge of a neuron at rest
8. Synapse-microscopic space between two neurons, over which messages pass
9. Threshold-The point at which a nerve impulse is triggered, the final
straw/tipping point
10. Central Nervous System-consists of the brain and spinal cord
11. Afferent Nerves-Sensory Neurons that relay impulses toward the CNS
12. Efferent Nerves- Motor neurons that relay impulses away from CNS
13. Parasympathetic Nervous System- Calms system back down
14. Sympathetic Nervous System-Gets system ready for Fight or flight
Limitless
What would you do?
Pros
Cons
The Cerebral Cortex
The only area in which we
as humans excel is
intelligence.
The Cerebral Cortex
The more complex the animal, the larger
the proportion of the brain that is
devoted to the cerebrum, or the two
hemispheres.
The Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex is where 70% of our
CNS neurons are located, even though it
is only 3mm thick.
The Cerebral Cortex
The reason we are so smart is because of
the corticalization or size and wrinkling
of the brain
Lower animals have smooth brains.
The Cerebral Cortex
The cortex is
composed of two
cerebral
hemispheres, or
sides.
The hemispheres
are connected by a
thick band of fibers
called the corpus
callosum.
The Cerebral Cortex
Right hemisphere
damage=left-side
damage
Left hemisphere
damage=right-side
damage
Idea of spatial neglect
The Cerebral Cortex
The Cerebral Cortex
Is it possible to test
only one side of
the brain???
In some patients
with epilepsy, the
corpus callosum is
cut. Called a splitbrain operation
Further labeling of the brain
Premotor Cortex
Direct control of movement
behavior, specifically the
trunk region
Prefrontal Cortex
Plans complex behaviors,
personality, making decisions, and
knowing social behaviors
Executive Function
Motor Cortex
Planning, control, and
execution of voluntary
movements
Broca’s Area
Major speech and language area,
grammar and pronunciation
(executes the plan of what we are
going to say)
Wernicke’s Area
areas that controls written and
spoken language (formulate what
we are going to say)
These are
essentially
landmarks of the
brain
Central Fissure/Sulcus
Separates parietal from frontal lobe
Lateral Fissure/Sulcus
Separates frontal and parietal from
temporal lobe
Further labeling of the brain
Medulla
Controls breathing, swallowing,
digestion, and heartbeat, sneezing,
Pons
Acts as bridge between medulla and
other structures. Relays messages.
Influences sleep and arousal
Further labeling of the brain
Reticular Formation
Attention, alertness, reflexes,
balance, posture
Know how vs. Know what
RAS –reticular activating systemInformation from the sense organs
registers, possibly pain
Lymbic System
Thalamus
Relays sensory and motor
information to the cerebral
cortex
Hypothalamus
Regulates emotional
behaviors and motives, also
hunger, thirst, and temp.,
innate parenting
Amygdala
Fear/reward responses,
allows us to respond
Hippocampus
Stores memories,
forming, organizing,
storing memories,
cognitition
Using what you learned about the brain, please
create a sketch of your brain with;
1.
2.
Correct labels
Visual representation of each part (for the
occipital lobe, I would draw an eye)
a. Frontal Lobe
b. Parietal Lobe
c. Occipital Lobe
d. Temporal Lobe
e. Cerebellum
f. Wernicke’s Area
g. Motor Cortex
h. Broca’s Area
i. Central Fissure
j. Pons
k. Lateral Fissure
l. Hippocampus
m. Amygdala
n. Hypothalamus
o. Thalamus
Brain Diagram
Stem Cell Learning Stations
You will have approximately 5-7
minutes at each station to read,
discuss with your group, and take
down the information. While
reading, you will want to pay close
attention to;
-summary of main points
-key words
-any slant of the article
-pros/cons
The Cerebral Cortex
I would like you to take a look at page 66 in
your textbooks, it shows a diagram of how
much space of the cortex is assigned to
motor functions. Take the rest of the class to
create your own diagram that mirrors this
diagram.
Use the same words, but choose your own
images.