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Chapter 8: The Nervous System 1. Whereas the spinal cord is part of the ___________, the cranial nerves are part of the ___________. A) CNS, PNS B) PNS, CNS Ans: A 2. A) B) C) D) Ans: Within the peripheral nervous system, myelin is formed by Schwann cells. neurons. microglial cells. astrocytes. B 3. A) B) C) D) Ans: Of what does a neuron consist? axon cell body dendrite all of these D 4. A) B) C) Ans: The sensory neuron is impulse to muscle. impulse to CNS. always within CNS. B 5. A) B) C) Ans: The interneuron is impulse to muscle. impulse to CNS. always within CNS. C 6. A) B) C) Ans: The motor neuron is impulse to muscle. impulse to CNS. always within CNS. A Page 60 7. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which has the nucleus? axon dendrite cell body all of these C 8. A) B) C) D) E) Ans: Of what does the action potential consist? depolarization repolarization resting potential depolarization and repolarization all of these D 9. A) B) C) Ans: When the nerve is at rest, the inside charge is negative positive neutral A 10. A) B) C) Ans: During depolarization potassium ions move outside. sodium ions move inside. electrons stream along the axon. B 11. A) B) C) D) Ans: What flows across the synaptic cleft? ions electrons a neurotransmitter substance all of these C 12. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which is a neurotransmitter substance? acetylcholine acetylcholinesterase an enzyme acetylcholinesterase and an enzyme A Page 61 13. A) B) C) Ans: In which direction does an impulse go across a synapse? dendrite to axon axon to dendrite either way B 14. Which disease is due to an imbalance of the neurotransmitter dopamine within the brain? A) Parkinson disease B) Huntington disease C) Alzheimer disease D) all of these Ans: A figure 8.1 15. Which letter in figure 8.1 points to the sensory neuron? Ans: c 16. Which letter in figure 8.1 points to the motor neuron? Ans: b 17. Which letter in figure 8.1 points to the effector organ? Ans: a 18. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which neuron is involved in a reflex arc? sensory motor interneuron all of these D Page 62 19. A) B) C) D) Ans: What do the ventricles of the brain contain? meninges dura mater cerebrospinal fluid meninges and dura mater C 20. A) B) C) D) Ans: What protects the spinal cord? vertebrae meninges cerebrospinal fluid all of these D 21. A) B) C) Ans: Hydrocephalus occurs in infants. adults. infants and adults. A 22. A) B) C) Ans: What are the main functions of the spinal cord? reflex center relay center between brain and peripheral nerves reflex center and relay center between brain and peripheral nerves C 23. A) B) C) Ans: The spinal reflex location contains white matter. gray matter. gray matter and white matter. B 24. A) B) C) Ans: The ascending and descending tracts contains white matter. gray matter. gray matter and white matter. A 25. A) B) C) Ans: The spinal cord contains white matter. gray matter. gray matter and white matter. C Page 63 26. A) B) C) D) Ans: The lateral ventricles are located in the cerebrum. medulla oblongata. thalamus. cerebellum. A 27. A) B) C) D) Ans: The limbic system is conserned with relating feelings to experiences. our deepest emotions, such as rage and pleasure. learning and memory. All of these choices are correct. D figure 8.2 28. Which letter in figure 8.2 points to the cerebellum? Ans: a 29. Which letter in figure 8.2 points to the cerebrum? Ans: c 30. Which letter in figure 8.2 points to the medulla oblongata? Ans: b 31. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which area of the brain is concerned with homeostasis? hypothalamus cerebrum thalamus cerebellum A Page 64 32. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which area of the brain is responsible for consciousness? hypothalamus cerebrum thalamus cerebellum B 33. A) B) C) Ans: Which system is concerned with internal organs? somatic autonomic somatic and autonomic B 34. A) B) C) Ans: Mixed nerves contain sensory fibers. motor fibers. sensory and motor fibers. C 35. A) B) C) D) Ans: The optic nerve is a cranial nerve. sensory nerve. spinal nerve. cranial nerve and a sensory nerve. D 36. Which peripheral nerves would most likely be adversely affected by someone using crutches? A) phrenic nerves B) radial nerves C) sciatic nerves D) an intercostal nerve Ans: B 37. A) B) C) Ans: Restful activities stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. sympathetic nervous system. parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. A 38. A) B) C) Ans: Norepinephrine stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system. sympathetic nervous system. parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. B Page 65 39. A) B) C) Ans: The autonomic nervous system is the parasympathetic nervous system. sympathetic nervous system. parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. C 40. A) B) C) D) Ans: The limbic system is involved in emotions. behavior. memory. all of these. D 41. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which nerves innervate skeletal muscles? somatic sympathetic parasympathetic all of these A 42. A) B) C) D) Ans: A ganglion contains axons. dendrites. cell bodies. axons and dendrites. C 43. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which control(s) internal organs? medulla hypothalamus cerebellum medulla and hypothalamus D 44. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which portion of the brain has hemispheres? brain stem cerebrum hypothalamus medulla B Page 66 45. A) B) C) Ans: Vision is controlled in the frontal lobe. temporal lobe. occipital lobe. C 46. A) B) C) Ans: Concentration is controlled in the frontal lobe. temporal lobe. occipital lobe. A 47. A) B) C) Ans: Hearing is controlled in the frontal lobe. temporal lobe. occipital lobe. B 48. Describe the nerve impulse as it travels along a nerve fiber and across a synapse. Ans: A nerve impulse is a wave of depolarization and repolarization, during which sodium ions first move into a neuron and then potassium ions move out of a neuron. This is called an action potential. When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, neurotransmitter substances are released into the synapse between adjacent neurons. These chemicals diffuse across the synapse and initiate an action potential in the next neuron. 49. Describe how the spinal cord acts as a reflex center and a relay center. Ans: The gray matter of the spinal cord contains the sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons involved in spinal reflexes. The white matter of the spinal cord contains nerve tracts composed of nerve fibers carrying impulses toward or away from the brain. 50. List the parts of the unconscious brain and state the function of each part. Ans: Diencephalon - maintains homeostasis (Hypothalamus) and serves as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling toward the cerebrum (Thalamus) Cerebellum - controls balance and complex movements Medulla oblongata - contains vital centers and reflex centers Pons - contains axons traveling between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS, and also contains vital centers and reflex centers Midbrain - contains tracts traveling between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord, and reflex centers 51. If a person had an injury to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum, what functional losses would you expect them to have? Ans: vision and visual recognition of objects Page 67 52. When someone is frightened, they seem to have more strength to run or fight than normal. What is the reason for this? Ans: The sympathetic nervous system releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine which accelerates the heartbeat and increases respiration. 53. List the causes of Parkinson, Huntington, and Alzheimer disease. Ans: Parkinson - deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine Huntington - malfunction of the neurotransmitter GABA Alzheimer - loss of neurons that use ACh as a neurotransmitter 54. Compare the left and right brain with regard to their abilities. Ans: The left brain contains centers for speech and is responsible for language ability. The right brain is better at dealing with spacial relationships, musical and artistic ability, and expression of emotions. 55. Organize the following divisions of the nervous system in outline form: autonomic ns, central ns, parasympathetic ns, peripheral ns, somatic ns, sympathetic ns. Ans: I. Central ns II. Peripheral ns A. Somatic ns B. Autonomic ns 1. Sympathetic ns 2. Parasympathetic ns 56. List the following reflex arc components in the order that they would function in producing reflex activity: effector organ, interneuron, motor neuron, receptor, sensory neuron. Ans: Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector organ. 57. Compare the cerebrum and spinal cord with regard to the location of gray and white matter. Ans: Whereas gray matter is found in the center, or core, of the spinal cord, white matter is found near the surface. In the cerebrum, the gray matter is near the surface and the white matter is deeper. 58. Differentiate between gyri, sulci, and fissures. Ans: A gyrus is a convolution (bump) on the surface of the cerebrum. A sulcus is a shallow groove between gyri. A fissure is a deep groove. 59. List and describe the three types of functional areas in the cerebrum. Ans: 1. Sensory areas receive sensory impulses and produce sensations. 2. Motor areas initiate nerve impulses that control muscle fibers. 3. Association areas are believed to contain areas for intelligence, artistic and creative ability, and learning. Page 68 60. A) B) C) D) Ans: The summing up of excitatory and inhibitory signals received by a neuron is called summation. potentiation. integration. transmission. C 61. A) B) C) Ans: Which is the most superficial menix? arachnoid dura mater pia mater B 62. A) B) C) D) Ans: The primary somatosensory area receives impulses from the skin and skeletal muscles. is posterior to the central sulcus. is located in the parietal lobe. All of these choices are correct. D 63. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which is not a component of the brain stem? cerebellum medulla oblongata midbrain pons A Page 69