Download Human Anatomy and Physiology, Nervous System and Special

Human Anatomy and Physiology, Nervous System and Special Senses
ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Structural Classification
1. Distinguish the structures and functions of the CNS and PNS.
CNS: ________ and spinal cord; integration and ________________
PNS: sensory (_______________) and _________ (efferent)
Functional Classification
2. Describe the subdivisions of the motor component of the PNS.
_____________: innervates ________________ muscles
Autonomic
Regulates activity of __________, cardiac, glands
Sympathetic NS (_________) and parasympathetic NS (relaxation)
NERVOUS TISSUE: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Supporting Cells
3. Contrast the functions of the four major types of glial cells.
Astrocytes: anchor, regulate exchange, control chemical environment
_______________: act as phagocytes
Ependymal cells: _______________ lining, makes CSF
__________________________-: insulate multiple neurons
Neurons
Anatomy
4. Contrast the structures and functions of dendrites and axons.
Structure
Dendrites: __________, short, _____________
Axons: single, ___________, uniform diameter
Function
Dendrites conduct impulses _____________ the cell body
Axons _________________ and conduct impulses away
from the cell body
5. Describe the function of the synapse.
Axon carries the _________________ to axonal terminals
__________________________ are released
NTs may _______ to and stimulate the structure across the cleft
6. List functions of the myelin sheath.
_______________________ impulses
Protects and _____________________ the fiber
7. Describe the molecular basis for the symptoms of multiple sclerosis.
______________________ attack on myelin
Impulses short-circuit causing disability
Classification
8. Name the three functional classes of neurons and give an example of
each.
_____________ or afferent; skin receptors
Motor or _______________; motor neurons to skeletal muscles
Association or ___________________________; connect sensory
and motor in CNS; = 99% of neurons
9. Rationalize the structures of pain, deep pressure, and stretch
receptors.
________: branched, uncovered near the surface for sensitivity
Deep pressure = ________________________________: layered
for reduced sensitivity
_______________: branched and attached along tendon to sense
changes in length
Physiology
Nerve Impulses
10. How is the resting membrane potential established?
__________________
__________________________________
11. What stimuli can cause the generation of a neuronal action
potential?
___________ on an eye receptor
Sound vibrations on a ear receptor
Pressure on a __________________ receptor
Neurotransmitters from __________________________
12. Order the movements of ions involved in the generation and
propagation of action potentials.
______ moves in = ______________________
______ moves out = repolarization
13. Describe saltatory conduction. Why is it faster than direct
conduction?
Current passes ______________ of the neurons,
membrane depolarizes only at the _____________
Less ion movement in and out makes it faster, myelin also
increases the fiber _________, thereby reducing resistance
14. Order the six events accounting for transmission across a
chemical synapse.
_______________________ arrives
NT vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane
NT _______________ across cleft
NT binds to receptor on receiving cell
Ion channel __________
Ion channel ______________
Reflexes
15. Contrast the adaptive functions of somatic and autonomic
reflexes.
Somatic __________________ movement and protect
from damage
Autonomic regulate _________________________
16. List the basic elements of a reflex arc in the order they
operate.
______________, sensory neuron, __________________
center, motor neuron, effector
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Functional Anatomy of the Brain
17. Contrast the functions of the cerebral lobes, diencephalon,
brain stem, and cerebellum.
Cerebral Hemispheres
____________: higher intellectual and voluntary motor functions
Parietal: somatic sensory and ___________________ functions
Occipital: _______________
____________________: auditory and olfactory
Diencephalon
Sensory _______________, emotions, drives, hormonal regulation
Brain Stem
Control of _________________________ like breathing and blood
pressure
Cerebellum
Muscle coordination, ________________ and equilibrium
Protection of the Central Nervous System
18. Contrast the protective functions of the meninges,
cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier.
Meninges
Membranes protect from ___________________ and leakage
Cerebrospinal Fluid
__________________ for filtration, liquid cushion against trauma
The Blood-Brain Barrier
Keeps ___________________ chemicals out of the brain
Brain Dysfunctions
19. Distinguish the causes and symptoms of the major traumatic and
degenerative brain dysfunctions.
Traumatic Brain Injuries
Concussion: trauma; dizzy, unconscious, no permanent injury
Brain contusion: trauma; ________________________, coma,
permanent damage
_______________________ accident: vessel blocked or ruptured;
__________________________ of motor/cognitive function
Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's - The Terrible Three
Alzheimer's: slow ______________ accumulation with atrophy;
progressive loss of memory and motor function
Parkinson's: degeneration of ________________-releasing
neurons; tremors and loss of motor function
Huntington's: ____________________ degeneration; jerky
movements followed by mental deterioration
Spinal Cord
Introduction
20. Correlate the function of the dorsal and ventral horns of
spinal cord gray matter and dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerve.
______________ horn contains interneurons, dorsal root delivers
_________________ fibers
Ventral horn contains _______________ neuron cell bodies,
ventral roots deliver motor axons
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Cranial Nerves
21. Contrast the general functions of cranial and spinal nerves.
_______________
Afferents from major ___________________________
_____________ motor neurons to the head and neck
Vagus carries ________________________________ neurons
Spinal: somatic and autonomic sensory and motor fibers except as above
Autonomic Nervous System
Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
22. Differentiate the somatic and autonomic nervous systems with
respect to effectors, efferent pathways, and neurotransmitters.
Somatic
Effectors: __________________________
Pathways: motor neuron cell bodies _______________,
axons go all the way
NT: ______ only
Autonomic
Effectors: smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, ____________
Pathways: 2 motor neurons connected in a ganglion
NT: ACh and ________________ and norepinephrine
Autonomic Functioning
23. Contrast the actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions of the ANS.
Sympathetic
"Flight-or-fight", exercise, ____________________
Raises heart and respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood
glucose
Inhibits _________________________
______________ pupils
______________________________
"Unwind" and conserve energy
"Resting and _________________"
_____________ heart and respiratory rate, blood
pressure, blood glucose
_________________ digestive system
_______________________________
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
24. Describe birth defects affecting the nervous system.
Cerebral palsy
__________________________
Spastic, __________________, retardation, _______________________
Anencephaly
No _________________ development
No ___________________________ or voluntary activities
Spina ________________
Incomplete formation of __________________________
Cosmetic to complete functional impairment of the lower body
25. List age-related problems other than strokes and Alzheimer's associated with the
degeneration of the nervous system.
Sympathetic reflexes ______________, blood pressure ____________ problems
Circulatory problems, brain starvation, ___________________
Human Anatomy and Physiology, Special Senses
THE EYE AND VISION
Anatomy of the Eye
External and Accessory Structures
26. Identify the accessory structures of the eye and list the functions of
each.
Eyelids, ____________________, and conjunctiva protect
Lacrimal apparatus ____________, lubricates, and fights infection
___________________ eye muscles point
Internal Structures: The Eyeball
27. Name the eye tunics and note the major functions of each.
____________
Thick, white sclera protects
Anterior sclera or _____________ refracts and is sensitive
Black __________________ reduces light scattering
________________ contains rod and cone photoreceptors
28. Describe the anatomical source of the apparent lateral blind spot in
our field of vision.
Optic nerve exits through the retina at the ___________________
29. Explain the difference in rod and cone function and arrangement
across the retina.
Rods sense ________ in ______ light at the periphery
____________ sense colors and detail at the _________________
30. Describe the origin and diagnosis of glaucoma.
Blocked drainage of the ________________________; interocular
pressure rises
Diagnosed using a tonometer
Visual Pigments - The Actual Photoreceptors
31. Compare and contrast the structures of rods and cones.
Similarities
Both are short ________________________ stuck tip
down into the choroid
_______________ <--> ________________________
Differences
______________________
_______________
Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction
Introduction
32. Explain the physical basis of the focusing function of the eye.
Cornea, humors, and lens _________________
Refraction is the _________________ of light as it passes
between substances of different ____________________
Curved lenses ____________ and __________________ light
If I Can't See Things Far Away, Am I Nearsighted or Farsighted?
33. Contrast myopia and hyperopia and their corrections.
Myopia: ______sighted, eyeball too long, concave lenses required
Hyperopia: farsighted, eyeball too ______, convex lenses required
Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain
34. Contrast the visual pathways carried by the optic nerves and optic tracts.
Optic nerves carry pathways from individual eyes
Optic tracts carry _________________________
Eye Reflexes
35. Contrast the adaptive significance of the photopupillary and accommodation
pupillary reflexes.
________________________ protects the retina from bright light
_______________________ eliminates less accurate focusing of the lens
edges for close viewing
THE EAR: HEARING AND BALANCE
Introduction
36. Identify the structures of the external, middle, and internal ear, and list the
functions of each.
Anatomy of the Ear
External Ear
___________; collects sound waves
Cerumen; earwax protects and inhibits __________________________
Tympanic membrane; transmits __________________ to the ossicles
Middle Ear
__________________ or eustachian tube; equalizes pressure across the
tympanic membrane
_____________________; transmit vibrations from the tympanic
membrane to the inner ear
Internal Ear
________________; coiled, tapered space containing the
_____________________________________ for hearing
Vestibule; contains the mechanoreceptors for ___________ equilibrium
Semicircular canals; contains the mechanoreceptors for ______________
equilibrium
Mechanisms of Equilibrium
Introduction
37. Distinguish the senses of static and dynamic equilibrium.
Static equilibrium senses the direction of the pull of gravity
Dynamic senses the direction of motion on __________________
38. Compare and contrast the sensation mechanisms for static and
dynamic equilibrium.
Both utilize _________________ embedded in a gelatinous matrix
Static sensation registers the gravitational pull on otoliths
Dynamic sensation registers the angular or rotary motion of the
fluid in the _________________________________
Mechanism of Hearing
39. Differentiate the sensation mechanism for low-pitch and high-pitch sounds.
High-pitch are sensed at the ________________, wide end of the cochlea
Low at the distal, narrow end
Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits
40. Differentiate conduction and sensorial deafness and list causes of each.
_______________________
Cochlea and ______________ OK, no vibrations getting through
Blocked canal, _______________, ruptured eardrum, otitis media
Sensorineural
___________________________ or nerve damage
Extended _____________________, infection, tumors, congenital
CHEMICAL SENSES: SMELL AND TASTE
Introduction
41. Contrast the varieties of taste and olfactory receptors.
Five types for taste: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, ________________
Much more variety for _________________
Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell
42. Trace the olfactory afferent pathway.
________________ olfactory receptor cells
About 20 olfactory nerves through the _________________ plate
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory ____________
43. Account for the long-lasting nature of olfactory impressions.
Olfactory pathways are tied to the _____________________
Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste
44. Contrast the structures and functions of lingual papillae.
Filiform: small, widely-distributed, ____________________________
__________________: medium, scattered, rounded, with taste buds
Circumvallate: large (3mm) with _____________________
45. Identify the chemical specificities of the five major taste buds.
Sweet: _____________, saccharine, some amino acids, -OH?
Sour: ____
Bitter: ________________
Salty: __________________
Umami: __________________
46. List causes of anosmias.
______________________, inflammation, aging, ________ deficiency
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE SPECIAL SENSES
47. Describe congenital eye problems.
_______________: crossed eyes
Infections, especially ______________, can cause blindness
___________________ causes conjunctivitis
48. Trace the development of normal vision.
At birth: ________________, no color, one eye at a time
5 months: 20/200, good color
5 years: _______________ with depth
40 years: ___________________